Endosperm Culture, Tissue Culture Methods, Tripolid Embryos, Chromosome, Trisomics, Cytogenetic, Colchicine, Angiosperms

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Endosperm Culture
Tissue culture methods are also used for culturing endosperm, which is unique, firstly, in its function of supplying nutrition to the developing embryo and secondly, inbeing triploid in its chromosome constitution. Triploid plants are useful for production of seedless fruits (e.g. apple, banana, watermelon, etc.) and for production of trisomics for cytogenetic studies. Generally, these triploids are routinely obtained by crossing colchicines induced tetraploids with diploids followed by rescuing the triploid embryos. However, there may be strong crossability barriers, making it difficult to produce triploids from 4x × 2x crosses, so that endosperm culture may be used as an alternative method for triploid production.

Extensive work on endosperm culture was initially done at Delhi University, where successful culture of endosperm was demonstrated initially in some parasitic Angiosperms (families Santalaceae and Loranthaceae). The technique of endosperm culture involves the following steps: (i) the immature seeds are dissected under aseptic conditions and endosperms along with embryos, are excited; sometimes mature seeds can also be used; (ii) the excised endosperms are cultured on a suitable medium and embryos are removed after initial growth; (iii) the initial callus phase is followed by ‘shoot bud differentiation’ or ‘embryogenesis’; (iv) the shoots and roots may subsequently develop, and complete triploid plants can be established for further use.

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