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Functional Genomics
Functional genomics involves determination of the functions of genes, and several innovative techniques are available to decipher the functions of these genes. Some of the approaches are specific to plant genomes and can not be used in animal or microbial systems. The approaches that are commonly used for deciphering the functions of the genes of higher plants.

The different approaches of functional genomics, that can be used for the study of the functions of genes in plants include the following, for rice (for details, consult Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 48, nos. 1 & 2, 2002).

A summary of methods used for assigning functions to genes of higher plants

Method	Strategy	Criterion for assigning function
BLAST search	Computer scanning of databases	Similarity with known gene
Synteny	Compare genetic maps from different species	Similarity in sequence and genetic map position
Chimeraplasty	Insert DNA/RNA hybrids into cells	Altered phenotype due to specific gene mutation
TUSC*	Insert DNA that jumps into genes	Generation of wholesale mutations in maize
Activation tagging	Insert DNA enhancers via bacteria	Generation of wholesale mutations in plants
RNA silencing	Infect tobacco with genetically altered TMV	Switching on or switching off individual genes
Microarray	DNA chips	Tracking activity using mRNA profile
Proteomics	2-D gels for protein expression	Tracking activity using protein profile
Metabolomics	Study of all metabolites	Tracking activity using metabolite expression

Utilization of whole genome sequence for functional genomics leading to genetic engineering of crop plants

Steps Involved in the Utilization of Whole Genome Sequence for Functional Genomics Leading to Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants

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