Genes for Phytocystatins Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors, Variety of Higher Plants, Rice and Corn, Action of Endogenous, Cysteine Proteinases

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Home >> Plant Biotechnology and Genomics >> Genetically Modified-GM Crops and Floricultural Plants >> Genes for Phytocystatins Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors

Genes for phytocystatins, cysteine proteinase inhibitors [e.g. oryzacystatin (OC) & corn cystatin (CC)]

Phytocystatins which are cysteine proteinase inhibitors occur in a variety of higher plants, such as rice and corn. They probably have dual function:

(i) They regulate the action of endogenous cysteine proteinases in seeds during their ripening; for instance, in rice oryzacystatin (OC) inhibits oryzains and in corn, com cystatin (CC) inhibits com proteinases.

(ii) They recognize and inhibit exogenous proteinases, such as digestive enzymes in the gut of insect pests (cysteine proteinases occur in the guts of many insects and are necessary for the dietary life processes of these insects).

Therefore the development of these insect pests can be inhibited by these cysteine proteinase inhibitors, which are also called phytocystatins.

Oryzacystatin (OC) occurs in rice seeds in concentrations (0.001-0.002%), which are insufficient for effective protection against insect pests. Moreover, it is quite deficient in the leaves, which are generally eaten by the insects. Therefore, for imparting resistance against insects, transgenic plants need to be developed which have higher level of expression of these phytocystatins (eg. OC or CC). Attempts to produce rice plants with overexpression of OC were not successful.

However, in rice plants, high level of expression (both in seed and leaves) of ‘corn cystatin’ or CC (~2% of total soluble protein) could be successfully achieved. They offer an additional advantages, since CC has a wide inhibitory spectrum against various cysteine proteinases.

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