Bt and Biopesticides, Coleoptera and Diptera, Lepidoptera, Insecticidal Protein, Crystalline, Synthetic Pyrethroids

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Home >> Plant Biotechnology and Genomics >> Genetically Modified-GM Crops and Floricultural Plants >> Bt and biopesticides

	Bt and biopesticides Bacillus thuringiensis, commonly known as Bt is a gram positive soil bacterium. It is known for several decades that some strains of Bt kill certain insects (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera), due to an insecticidal protein called d-endotoxin, which disrupts the function of digestive system of these insects. It is also known that Bt protein is not harmful to mammals and is degraded within 20 seconds in digestive tract of a mammal, thus permitting safe handling and use of Bt formulations. Different Bt strains are effective against different insects thus making it necessary to make a choice while using them as biopesticides. Although Bt was registered in USA in 1961, even today only <1% of all pesticides are based on Bt.
The market for Bt biopesticides was US dollars 24 million in 1980 which grew to US dollars 107 million in 1989 and to US Dollars 300 million in year 2000. There are about 100 Bt formulations in the market, all based Bt protein, several containing as many as 5 different Bt toxins, and some of them containing recombinant proteins. Most of these formulations contain spores and crystalline inclusion that are released on lysis of Bt during growth. The potency of these formulations is 300 times that of synthetic pyrethroids commonly used and the toxin breaks down quickly in sunlight thus making it environment friendly.
Bt-based biopesticides also have the following disadvantages: (i) it is relatively extensive; (ii) agricultural machinery is needed for its application; (iii) application need to be repeated several times in every crop season; (iv) sunlight causes breakdown of the active ingredient; (v) water washes the protein from the plant. Most of these difficulties, however, have been overcome in the production of transgenic crops.

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