Target Cells Transformation, Genome Stress, Organogenesis, Embryogenesis, Chromosomal, Genetic Abnormalities, Egg Cells, Gametes

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Gene Transfer Methods in Plants Gene Transfer Methods in Plants Introduction Target Cells for Transformation Theoretical Routes for Production of Transgenic Plants Vectors of Gene Transfer Vectors based on Ti and Ri Plasmids of Agrobacterium Structure and Function of Ti and Ri Plasmids Selectable Marker Genes in Vectors Used for Gene Transfer T-DNA Transfer Process Vectors based on Ti and Ri Plasmids Virus Vectors Transformation Techniques Using Agrobacterium Prerequisites for Production of Transgenic Plants Explants Used for Transformation Marker Genes for Selection and Scoring of Tranformed Cells/Calli or Shoots Reporter Genes Used as Scoreable Markers and their Enzyme Assays Neomycin Phosphotransferase Gene (nptII) Chloramphenicol Acetyl Transferase Gene (cat)

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Target Cells for Transformation
The first step in gene transfer technology is to select cells that are capable of giving rise to whole transformed plants. Transformation without regeneration and regeneration without transformation are of limited value. In many species, identification of these cell types is difficult. Some of these cell types and the methods used for regeneration of whole plants.As can be noticed in, cultured cells or protoplasts are often used for gene transfer.

This is unlike the situation in animals, because the plant cells are totipotent and can be stimulated to regenerate into whole plants in vitro via organogenesis or embryogenesis. However, in vitroplant regeneration imposes a degree of 'genome stress', especially if plants are regenerated via a callus phase. This may lead to chromosomal or genetic abnormalities in regenerated plants- a phenomenon referred to as somaclonal variation. In contrast to this, gene transfer into pollen (or possibly egg cells) may give rise to genetically transformed gametes, which if used for fertilization (in vivo) may give rise totransformed whole plants. Similarly, insertion of DNA into zygote (in vivo or in vitro)followed by embryo rescue, may also be used to produce transgenic plants. Another alternative approach is the use of individual cells in embryos or meristems, which may be grown in vitrofor the production of transgenic plants.

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β-Glucuronidase (GUS)Gene (uidA) Luciferase Gene (lux) Green Fluorescent Protein Gene Phosphomannose Isomerase Gene (pmi) Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation in Monocots Agroinfection and Gene Transfer Physical Delivery or DNA Mediated Gene Transfer (DMGT) Chemically Stimulated DNA Uptake by Protoplasts Microinjection and Macroinjection Microprojectiles for Gene Transfer Electroporation Method for Gene Transfer Liposome Mediated Gene Transfer Calcium Phosphate Precipitation Method Transformation Using Pollen or Pollen Tube Incubation of Dry Seeds,Embryos,Tissues or Cell in DNA Transformation by Ultrasonication Removal of Selectable Marker Gene from Transgenic Plants Need for Removal of Selectable Marker Gene Genetic Systems Used for Removal of Marker Gene Examples of North American Plant Transformation Facilities Plant Transformation Facilities (PTFs)