Use of Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) for Gene Tagging, Polygenic control, Environment, Drosophila, Morphological traits

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Construction of Molecular Maps and Synteny (Collinearity) Construction of Molecular Maps and Synteny (Collinearity) Introduction Preparation of Genetic Maps Mapping Populations and near Isogenic Lines (NILs) Different Molecular Marker Systems Polymorphic Markers and Genotyping the Maping Population Preparation of Map Using the Software Mapmaker Molecular Genetic Maps (Low/Moderate Density) Details of Molecular Maps in Some Crops Maps for Cereals Millets and Sugarcane Maps in Legumes ( Soybean, Pea, Common, Bean,Alfalfa,Chickpea,Lentil) Maps in Brassicsa Maps in Cotton Maps for Sunflower Maps for Solanaceous Crops Maps for Forest Trees and Fruit Trees Molecular Genetics Maps (High Density) Integrated Genetic Maps Resolution Gap Differs in Maps with Genomes of Different Sizes Uses of Molecular Genetic Maps Mapping of Major Genes of Economic Value Using Moecular Markers Use of Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) for Gene Tagging Some Examples of Initial RELP Linked Mapping of Major Genes of Economic Value in Some Crops Identification and Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) using Molecular Markers Simple Interval Mapping (SIM) Marker Aided Selection (MAS) in Plant Breeding Identification of Breeding Lines and Varieties using Markers Characterization of Genetic Resources and Estimation of Genetic Diversity using Markers

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Use of near isogenic lines (NILs) for gene tagging
In recent years, near isogenic lines (NILs) have been utilized to identify linkages between molecular markers and conventional phenotypic markers. An NIL is produced, when a gene for conventional phenotypic marker is transferred from a donor parent (DP), into a recurrent (RP) and the genotype of the recurrent parent is restored through 5-7 backcrosses, retaining the conventional phenotypic marker in "each such backcross. Although an NIL, as the term near isogenic indicates, will contain alleles derived from DP at several loci on different chromosomes, due to selection of conventional marker, only about 50% of such alleles are expected to be present on the chromosome segment that carries the conventional marker introgressed into RP.

It has been calculated that if DP and RP differ for 100 molecular markers, NIL will retain four of them in a species with n = 20 (each chromosome with 50 cM length), and of these four, only two or three will be present on the marker chromosome. Therefore, allelic contrast between RP and its NIL, and allelic equality, in the corresponding DP and NIL for a molecular marker suggests linkage of molecular marker with the conventional phenotypic marker. This, however, needs to be confirmed through F2 cosegregation data generated from NIL x RP crosses. This will also give an estimate of the linkage distance between the conventional phenotypic marker and each of the associated molecular markers. This technique has been successfully employed for tagging genes of economic value in several crops including, tomato, potato, maize, barley, rice and sugarbeet. Some examples of RFLP linkage mapping of genes of economic value that were initially detected. Hundreds of cases of such linkages of molecular markers with genes for economic traits in a variety of crop plants are now known.

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