Mapping Populations and near Isogenic Lines (NILs), Genetic map, Plants, Haploid population, Meiosis, Inbreds, Pure lines

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Construction of Molecular Maps and Synteny (Collinearity) Construction of Molecular Maps and Synteny (Collinearity) Introduction Preparation of Genetic Maps Mapping Populations and near Isogenic Lines (NILs) Different Molecular Marker Systems Polymorphic Markers and Genotyping the Maping Population Preparation of Map Using the Software Mapmaker Molecular Genetic Maps (Low/Moderate Density) Details of Molecular Maps in Some Crops Maps for Cereals Millets and Sugarcane Maps in Legumes ( Soybean, Pea, Common, Bean,Alfalfa,Chickpea,Lentil) Maps in Brassicsa Maps in Cotton Maps for Sunflower Maps for Solanaceous Crops Maps for Forest Trees and Fruit Trees Molecular Genetics Maps (High Density) Integrated Genetic Maps Resolution Gap Differs in Maps with Genomes of Different Sizes Uses of Molecular Genetic Maps Mapping of Major Genes of Economic Value Using Moecular Markers Use of Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) for Gene Tagging Some Examples of Initial RELP Linked Mapping of Major Genes of Economic Value in Some Crops Identification and Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) using Molecular Markers Simple Interval Mapping (SIM) Marker Aided Selection (MAS) in Plant Breeding Identification of Breeding Lines and Varieties using Markers Characterization of Genetic Resources and Estimation of Genetic Diversity using Markers

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Mapping population and near isogenic lines (NILs)
A mapping population for the preparation of a genetic map should consist of a number of plant or lines, which should be the products of one or more meioses. Therefore, such a population need to be derived from a cross between two inbreds or pure lines, which should be diverse. The mapping population may, therefore, consist of either an F₂ population, or a backcross (BC₁) population, or a doubled haploid (DH) population each derived from F₁ plants or a set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) generated using single seed descent (SSD) method of breeding.

Such a population can be mortal, as in case of F₂ or BC₁, or immortal as in case of DHs or RILs. Although mortal F₂ and BC₁ populations have successfully been utilized for the preparation of molecular genetic maps in a variety of crop plants, an immortal DH or RIL population is preferred, since it can be repeatedly utilized not only for mapping, but also for a variety of other purposes including gene tagging and QTL analysis for important economic traits (QTL = quantitative trait loci). A few sets of maize RILs that have been used as mapping populations.

Production of recombinant inbred lines

Production of recombinant inbred lines

List of available recombinant inbred population in maize

Parents	No. of RI lines	Generation of inbreeding: a
T232 X CM337^b	48	8
CO159 x Tx303^b	41	8
C0159 x Tx303	160	5
B73x Mol (IBM*)^b	44	7
PA326 x ND300	74	5
CK52xA671	162	5
CGI6 x A671	172	5
CH593 - 9x CH606 - 11	101	5
CO2Z0 x N28	173	5

Generations of selfing beyond the F₂; IBM=intermated BM Extensive mapping has been done in these families

The backcross programme is also utilized for generation of near isogenic lines (NILs) for specific traits, where a pair of lines (NILs) differ for small segment(s) of one or more chromosome(s) carrying gene(s) for the concerned trait. In doing so, an initial cross is made between a recurrent parent (often a desirable genotype deficient for a particular trait) and a donor parent (carrying the gene of interest, although otherwise agronomically poor). The F₁ plants are backcrossed repeatedly with the recurrent parent to reconstitute its genotype. While making backcrosses, in each generation only selected plants carrying the gene of interest are used.

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