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Home >> Molecular Biology Dictionary >> Cilium, Clone
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Cilium
(pl: cilia; adj: ciliate) Hairlike locomotor structure on certain cells; a locomotor structure on a ciliate protozoan.
Circadian
Of physiological activity, etc.: occurring or recurring about once a day. cf diurnal
2 mm circle
See 2mm plasmid.
Circularization
A DNA fragment generated by digestion with a single restriction endonuclease will have complementary 5’and 3’ extensions (sticky ends). If these ends are annealed and ligated, the DNA fragment will have been converted to a covalently closed circle, or circularized
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Cis configuration
See coupling
Cis heterozygote
A heterozygote that contains two mutations arranged in a cis configuration(e.g., a+ v+ /a b).
Cis-acting sequence
A nucleotide sequence that only affects the expression of genes located on the same chromosome
Cistron
A DNA sequence that codes for a specific polypeptide; a gene. See DNA; gene.
Claims
The section of a patent that states, in detail, the uses and possible applications of the invention described in the patent. Class switching the process during which a plasma cell stops producing antibodies of one class and begins producing antibodies of another class
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Clarifier (Sedimentation basin)
A tank in which quiescent settling occurs, allowing solid particles suspended in the water to agglomerate and settle to the bottom of the rank. The solids resulting from the settling being removed as a sludge.
Cleave
To break phospho-diester bonds of double –stranded DNA, usually with a type II restriction endonuclease.a.k.a. to cut or digest
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Clonal selection
The production of a population of plasma cells all producing the same antibody in response to the interaction between a B lymphocyte producing that specific antibody and the antigen bound by that antibody.
Clone
(Gr.klon, a twig or slip) 1. A group of cells or organisams that are genetically identical as a result of asexual reproduction, breeding of completely inbred organisms, or forming genetically identical organisms by nuclear transplantation. 2. Group of plants genetically identical in which all are derived from one selected individual by vegetative propagation, without the sexual process.
3. A population of cells that all carry a cloning vehicle with the same insert DNA molecule.
4. Verb: To clone. To insert a DNA segment into a vector or host chromosome. See cloning.
5. In AnGR: A genetic replica of another organism obtained through a non-sexual (no fertilization) reproduction process. Cloning by nucleus transfer involves the transfer of a donor cell (from (cultured) cells of embryonic, foetal or adult origin) into the recipient cytoplasm of an enucleated oocyte or zygote, and subsequent development of embryos and animals.
Clone (verb)
To ”clone” something is to produce copies of it. To clone a piece of DNA, one would inset it into some type of vector (say, a plasmid) and put the resultant construct into a host (usually a bacterium) so that the plasmid and insert replicate with the host. An individual bacterium is isolated and grown and the plasmid containing the “cloned” DNA is re-isolated from the bacteria, at which point there will be many millions of copies of the DNA-essentially an unlimited supply. Actually, an investigator wishing to clone some gene or cDNA rarely has that DNA in a purified form, so practically speaking, to “clone” something involves screening a cDNA or genomic library for the desired clone. See also “Probe” for a description of how one might start a cloning project, and “Screening” for how the probe in used.
One can also clone more complex organisms, with considerable difficulty. The much-publicized Scottish research that resulted in the sheep ‘dolly’ exemplifies the approach.
Clone (noun)
The term “ clone” can refer either to a bacterium carrying a cloned DNA, or to the cloned DNA itself. If you receive a clone from a collaborator, you should first figure out if they send you DNA or bacteria. If it is DNA, your first job is to introduce it (“transform”) into bacteria [see”Transformation (with respect to bacteria)”]. Occasionally, someone might send just the “insert”, rather than the whole plasmid. “Your assignment, Jim, if you decide to accept it”, is to splice that DNA into a convenient vector, and only then can you transform it into bacteria
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