Androgenesis
Male parthenogenesis, i.e., the development of a haploid embryo from a male nucleus: The maternal nucleus is eliminated or inactivated subsequent to fertilization of the ovum, and the haploid individual (referred to as androgenetic) contains in its cells the genome of the male gamete only. Androgenesis is detected by cytological staining. See anther culture; gynogenesis; parthenogenesis.

Aneuploid
(Gr. aneu, without + ploid) An organism or cell having a chromosome number that is not  an exact multiple of the monoploid (x) with one chromosome being present in greater (e.g., trisomic 2n + 1) or lesser (e.g., monosomic 2n -1) number than the normal diploid number.

Animal cell immobilization
Entrapment of animal cells in some solid material in order to produce some natural product or genetically engineered protein. Animal cells have the advantage that they already produce many proteins of pharmacological interest, and that genetically engineered proteins are produced by them with the post-translation modifications normal to animals. However, because animal cells are much more fragile than bacterial ones, they cannot tolerate a commercial fermentation process. Typical materials are hollow fibre membrane bioreactors, or porous carries made of polysaccharide, protein, plastic or ceramic materials with microscopic holes inside which the cells grow.