Landmarks in the History of Microbiology, History Records, Biological Science, Important Contributions, Generally Adapted

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Microbiology Microbiology Introduction Landmarks in the History of Microbiology Discovery of Microscope Discovery of Microbial Life Abiogenesis Versus Biogenesis / Microbes and the Origin of Life Spontaneous Generation Doctrine or Abiogenesis Controversy over Spontaneous Generation End of the Debate Fermentation / A Biological Process - Pasteurization / Heating Destroys Microbes Germ Theory of Disease Koch's Postulates: The Pathogenesity Test Pure Culture Concept and Other Microbial Techniques Robert Koch 1843-1910 The Father of Microbial Techniques Growth of Medical Microbiology Causation of Diseases Bacterial Diseases and Their Discoverer Immunization Surgical Antisepsis Rise of Chemotherapy Growth of Plant Pathology Discovery of Viruses Soil Microbiology Other Important Contributions Development of Microbiology Since 1590-2000 in Chronological Form and Investors

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Landmarks in the History of Microbiology

Generally history records the names and achievements of men limited to a few outstanding ones. In reading the history of the branch of biological science that we are now going to deal with, we must remember that many important contributions were made by men whose names have been forgotten and whose contributions have been lost in shadows cast by those who caught the fancy of the chroniclers.

It is important to note that in science the credit goes to the man who is convincing, not to the man who may have conceived the original idea. So also in the development of microbiology the outstanding scientists are those who convinced the world, who developed a technique or tool that was generally adapted, or who explained their findings so clearly or dramatically that it grew and prospered.

Until about 1600 A.D. all knowledge of the form, structure and life processes of plants and animals was narrowly restricted to what could be seen with the naked (or very feebly assisted) human eye. Microorganisms were merely "fabulous monsters". Visual limitations of the pitiably restricted eye of man had always stood, like an impenetrable curtain, between man and the fantastic and glittering cosmos of the microscopic world.

The science of microbiology, which really started with the discovery of the microscope, may be said to have had three periods of development: (i) Pre-1860 period in which the microbiology did not exist as a true science but humans practiced it since prehistoric times by slow accumulation of some facts about bacteria and other microbes and a great deal of more or less correct speculation about them, (ii) Period between 1860 and 1900 when the foundations of this new scientific discipline were securely laid with the help of experimental findings, and (iii) Post-1900 period, the modern period extending to the present day, which experiences rapid development of microbial informations and a truely revolutionary application to human affairs.

Following is a summarized and lucid account of the achievements which are considered to be the landmarks in the history of microbiology.

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Scope of Microbiology Microorganisms and Principles of Biology Medical Microbiollogy and Immunology Principles of Soil Microbiology Industrial Microbiology Food Microbiology Milk and Milk Product Microbiology Water Microbiology Sewage Microbiology Air Microbiology Genetic Engineering Microorganisms in Oil Recovery Microorganisms and Energy Microorgnisms and Mining Future Prospects of Microbiology Classification of Microorganisms Basis of Their Body and Nuclear Organization On the Bassis of Organisms Classification On the Basis of Nutrition On the Basis of Oxygen Requirements On the Basis of Temperature Requirements On the Basis of Distrubution On the Basis of Economic Importance On the Basis of Osmotic Conditions Micro-Organisms in Soil / Soil Microflora Micro-Organisms in Water Microbes in Air / Air Microflora Micro-Organisms in Milk / Milk Microflora Important Microbes Present in Milk and Biochemical Changes Micro-organisms in Food / Food Microflora Common Micro-Organisms Responsible for Spoilage of Food Human Body and Microbes / Human Body Microflora