Immunization, Induction of Immunity to Disease, Produce Immunity, Smallpox, Lady Mary Montagu

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Immunization

Immunization is the artificial induction of immunity to disease. The practice of immunization was used in Asia for centuries to produce immunity to smallpox before it was introduced into England in 1718 by Lady Mary Montagu but she had no explanation of how or why it worked. The procedure of immunization against smallpox was quite simple; material from a pustule of an infected person was scratched into the skin of the person to be immunized.

In most cases this resulted in a mild case of smallpox without the scarring that was common in naturally acquired cases. E. Jenner (1749-1823) in 1798 reported to Royal Society in London the value of immunization with cowpox as a means of protecting against smallpox; a clear case of vaccination.

This he did on the basis of the fact that when he inoculated a 8-years old boy, James Phipps, with cowpox virus content, the boy escaped from small pox infection. Jenner's explanation regarding cowpox vaccination against small pox established the scientific credibility of vaccination to prevent disease and was accepted by the scientists and physicians of the time. Jenner, therefore, is credited to have develop first vaccine from cowpox (Latin name Vaccinia). Later on, Pasteur developed vaccines (attenuated microorganisms) against chicken cholera and anthrax in 1880, and against rabies in 1885.

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