Tools and Techniques in Microbiology Indroduction, Operational Microscope, Oil Ommersion, Compound Microscope, Microscope in Nineteenth Century

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Tools and Techniques in Microbiology Tools and Techniques in Microbiology - Introduction Compound Bright Field or Light Microscope Parts of Monocular Compound Microscope Method for Studying Microbes with a Compound Microscope Micrometry / Measurement of the Size of Objects by Compound Microscope Camera Lucida Phase Contrast Microscope Interference Contrast Microscope Ultraviolet - UV Microscope Fluorescence Microscope Comparison of Various Types of Microscopes Dark Field Microscope Electron Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope - TEM Scanning Electron Microscope - SEM Acoustic Microscope Stains and Staining What are Stains Purpose of Staining Types of Stains Staining Procedures Staining of Bacteria / Gram Staining Characteristic Difference Between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria Staining of Protozoa Staining of Fungi, Algae and Lower Bryophytes Isolation and Culture Cultures

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Tools and Techniques in Microbiology Indroduction

The fascinating world of microorganisms would have remained unknown had the microscope not been invented. Roger Bacon (1267) described a lens for the first time. However, his observation was nor pursued immediately thereafter. In 1950, Hans and Zacchrius Jensen constructed a crude type of operational microscope (10-30 times magnification) by placing two lenses together which permitted them to see minute objects. In 1609-1610, Galileo Galilei made the first simple microscope with a focussing device called 'occiale' and observed the water flea through his microscope.

In 1617-1619, the first double lens microscope with a single convex objective and ocular appeared, the inventor of which was thought to be the physicist C. Drebbel. This microscope was used to study the cells, plant and animal tissue and also the minute living organisms. Till then, the name microscope had not been given to this device; the name 'microscope' was first proposed by Faber (or Fabri) in 1625.

The credit of developing a compound microscope with multiple lenses goes to Robert Hooke (1665) of England. It was only after 1670 that a cloth merchant of Deflt (Holland), Antony van Leeuvenhoek (1632-1723), started his hobby of making microscopes and in 1674 he discovered the fascinating microbial world through his microscope (50-300 times magnification).

Considerable progress was made in improving the microscope in nineteenth century. The introduction of oil-immersion by Amici in 1869, substage condenser by Abbe in 1872, apochromatic objectives with suitable eyepiece by Abbe and Zeiss in 1886 were landmarks in the improvement of compound microscope in the nineteenth century.

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