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  Home >> Inorganic Chemistry Dictionary >> Gurney-Mott Theory - Hafnium

Graphite
Refers to an allotrope of carbon. Graphite is a good conductor of heat and electricity. The atoms are arranged in layers. Graphite is used as a solid lubricant.

Graphite carbon
Carbon combined with or dissolved in iron or steel.

Gravity cell

An electrolytic cell in which two ionic compounds are separated by gravity separation.

Green acids
The name given to sulphonic acids which are present in the acid sludge phase following treatment of lubricating oil fractions with oleum or sulphuric acid. The sulphonic acids in the oil phase are termed mahogany acids used as emulsifiers, rust-proofing agents and lubricant additives. The water soluble green acids are not used.

Green vitriol
it is Fe SO4.7H2O.

Greenockite
Refers to a mineral form of cadmium sulphide, CdS.

Ground state
Refers to the lower stable energy state of a system, such as molecule, atom, or nucleus.

Gurney-Mott Theory

A theory of the photographic process that proposes a two-stage mechanism; in the first stage, a light quantum is absorbed at a point within the silver halide gelatin, releasing a mobile electron and appositive hole; these mobile defects diffuse to trapping sites within the volume or on the surface of the grain; in the second stage, trapped electron is neutralized by an interstitial silver ion,
which combines with the electron to form a silver atom; the silver atom is capable of trapping a second electron, after which the process repeats itself, causing the silver speck to grow.

Gypsum
Mineral CASO4, 2H2O. Used in the production of plaster of paris, to control the rate of setting of Portland cement and as a filler.
It occurs in five varieties: rock gypsum, which is often red stained and granular; gypsite, an impure earthy from occurring as a surface deposit: alabaster, a pure fine-grained translucent form; stain spar, which is fibrous and silky; and selenite, which occurs in muds and clays. It is used in the building industry and in the manufacture of cement, rubber, paper, and plaster of paris.
Haematite (Fe2O3)
A mineral form of iron (III) oxide. It is the main ore of iron.


Hafnium

Symbol Hf. Refers to a silvery lustrous metallic transition element; a.n. 72; r.a.m. 178.49; r.d. 13.3; m.p. 2230±200C; b.p. 46020C. The element occurs with zirconium and is extracted by formation of the chloride and reduction by the Kroll process.
It finds used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes and as a neutron absorber. The metal forms a passive oxide layer in air. Most of its compounds are hafnium (IV) complexes; less stable hafnium (III) complexes also exist.
The element was first reported by Urbain in 1911,and its existence was finally established by D. Coster and G.C. de Hevesey in 1923.

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