Protein Engineering,Proteins,DNA Technology,Vector,Synthetic Petides,Genetic Engineering,Biological Compounds

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Protein and Enzymes Engineering Protein and Enzymes Engineering - Introduction Engineering of Macromolecules Basic Outline Protein Engineering vs Enzyme Engineering for a Biocatalyst Protein Engineering Rationale of Protein Enzyme Engineering Basic Assumptions for Protein Engineering Key Biocatalyst Properties that are Altered Through Protein Engineering Some Examples of Improved Kinetic Parameters of Enzymes Turnover Determined by k_cat Selectivity and Specificity Some Technologies Available for Enchancing Biocatalyst Characteristics Molecular Stability Catalytic Diversity Acquiring Knowledge for Protein Engineering Study of Protein Structure Three Dimensional Protein Modeling Perturbation Theory

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Your Ad Here	Protein Engineering During the last two decades of the 20th century (1980-2000), rapid progress was made in the analysis of protein structure and function. Sequences of amino acids are now available for as many as 8000 proteins, but the three dimensional structures of only about 400 proteins have been resolved through X-ray crystallography. It is realized that the analysis of protein structure and function has now reached only a level which for DNA existed in 1970s. Such a comparison gets support from the fact that only one centre in the world is available for the storage of protein data (Brookhaven Data Bank), while several such centres are available for DNA sequence data.
From the three dimensional structure of 400 proteins analysed so far, it is apparent that if two proteins are similar in their amino acid sequence, they will tend to fold into similar three dimensional structures, so that it will be possible for us to predict three dimensional sturcture of a protein from its amino acid sequence. This will then also enable us to identify a model structure for a protein and predict its function.
The model can then be used for the synthesis and modification of a gene that will give the desired sequence of amino acids leading to the three dimensional structure of a protein for a specified function. An alternative approach of protein engineering may be to modify a protein by a chemical reaction to make it more suitable for a specific function. This area of protein research (modification of protein either by recombinant technology or by chemical reaction) is currently receiving considerable emphasis and is popularly described as protein engineering.	Your Ad Here
Through recombinant DNA technology, a gene can now be cloned in an expression vector and made to express in bacteria. From such bacterial cells having the desired gene cloned in an expression vector, a protein can be obtained in good quantity. Since a gene can be artificially synthesized and modified using recombinant DNA technology discussed in 3, this will allow production of novel proteins through genetic engineering, an area popularly described as protein engineering.
Your Ad Here	The proteins receiving attention in this new and exciting area of protein engineering would include enzymes, synthetic peptides, storage proteins and drugs to be used in medicine, industry and agriculture. The objectives of protein engineering, therefore, include the following: (i) to create superior enzymes to catalyze production of high value specific chemicals; (ii) to produce enzymes for large scale use in the chemical industry; and (iii) to produce biological compounds (including synthetic peptides, storage proteins and specific drugs) that are superior to natural ones. Some success in this area' of protein engineering has already been achieved and much progress is expected to be made in this area in future. The different aspects of this fascinating area of protein engineering will be discussed.

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Methods for Protein Engineering Site Directed Mutagenesis in Vivo Gene Modification Through Oligonucleotide Synthesis Breeding a Better Catalyst Using Random Events Artificial Random Mutagenesis Random DNA Shuffing Using Recombination Combination of Structure Based and Envolutionary Approaches Multienzyme Systems bi and Polyfunctional Enzymes by Gene Fusion Chemical Modification of Enzymes Production of Site Specific Nucleases Production of Artifical Semi Synthetic Oxido Reductases Flavo Enzyme Hybrid Enzymes Combinatorial Chemistry Organic Synthesis Libraries De Novo Design of Catalysts Some Early Achievements of Protein Engineering Possible Candidates for Future Protein Engineering Improving Enzymes by Using Organic Solvents

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