Production of Proteases by Micro Organisms,Alpha Amylases,Alkaline proteases,Neutral Proteases,Acid Proteases,Industrial Enzymes

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Your Ad Here	Production of Proteases. Proteases are the second most important group of industrial enzymes after alpha amylases. They are used primarily in the detergent and dairy industry. In the market, they are available as alkaline, neutral and acid proteases. (a) Alkaline Proteases. They are produced and secreted out by many bacteria and fungi. The most important producers are species of Bacillus (e.g. licheniformis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. firmus, B. megaterium, and B pumilus), species of Streptomyces (e.g. S. fradiae, S. griseus, and S. rectus) and some fungi (e.g. Aspergillus niger, A. sojae, A oryzae and A. flavus).
The cultures are maintained at 30-37°C in fermenters or flasks, where production of a protease is chiefly regulated by the composition of culture medium. High partial pressure of oxygen is generally necessary for optimal protease production. In most cases, the enzymes are collected, purified and immobilized before their use in the detergent industry. (b) Neutral Proteases. They are also produced and excreted out by both bacteria and fungi including Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, B. megaterium, Pseudomonas deruginosa, Streptomyces griseus, Aspergillus oryzae, A sojae and Percularia oryzae. Neutral proteases are used in leather industry and food industry. They are relatively unstable.
(c) Acid Proteases. They include rennin, which is an important enzyme used in cheese production. Many other acid proteases are used in medicines. The important fungal genera producing rennin are Aspergillus, Candida, Coriolus, Endothia and Mucor. Rennin produced by Endothia parasitica was the first rennin marketed commercially in 1967. The enzyme is excreted out by the fungus in the medium. It is concentrated and precipitated out in an evaporation process.