Microbial Genomics in Industry, Haemophilus Influenzae, Microbial Genomes, B. Subtilis, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Budding Yeasts

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Microbes and Microbial Genomics for Industry Microbial and Microbial Genomics for Industry - Introduction Isolation and Culturing of Micro-organisms Isolation Methods Sterilization and Disinfection Methods Culture Methods Production of Organic Compounds by Microbial Fermentation Ethanol Production by Microbial Fermentation Preparation of Substrate by Microbial Fermentation Acetone Butanol Production by Microbial Fermentation Gluconic Acid Production by Microbial Fermentation Some Organic Compounds Produced by Microbial Fermentation Production of Other Organic Compounds by Microbial Fermentation Production of Enzymes by Micro Organisms Activity Based Approach for Microbial Biocatalysts by Micro Organisms Production of Alpha Amylases by Micro Organisms Production of Proteases by Micro Organisms Production of Lipases by Micro Organisms

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Your Ad Here	Microbial Genomics in Industry In earlier chapters of this book, we discussed the methods involved in genomics research and also the progress of genomics research in animals and plants. However, the genomics research has been most actively pursued in microbes with he result that as many as 16 genomes from archaea and 80 genomes belonging to a wide range of bacteria were fully sequenced by October 25, 2002. The first genome of a free-living organism that was fully sequenced in 1995, belonged to Haemophilus influenzae. Later, genomes of about 30 microbes were fully sequenced by August, 2000 with an average rate of one genome fully sequenced every two months during 1995-2000. Another 50 genomes were sequenced during 2000-2002 giving an average rate of at least two microbial genomes fully sequenced every month during the period. This rate will further increase in future due to the availability of high throughput sequencing at a reduced cost.
The microbes that have been taken up for whole genome sequencing include not only the model organisms like Ecsherichia coli. B. subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast), but also a number of microbes, which either cause dreadly diseases or those, which are used in microbial industry. The latest in this series was a report (in October, 2002) of the whole genome sequence of malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum along with that of the mosquito (Anopheles gambiae), which is the vector for this parasite, this spreading the disease (malaria).
Analysis of Microbial genomes A comparison of microbial genome sequences has revealed that the gene density in microbes is about one gene per kilobase and that 50% of the genes have unknown functions. It is possible that when the functions of all these genes become known, we may identify entirely novel biochemical pathways, which may be relevant to biotechnology and medicine. It has also been found that 25% of the genes in each species examined are unique, encoding proteins with no sequence similarity with any of the known protein sequences, suggesting the availability of high level of genetic diversity in microbial world. This diversity will be exploited in future for a variety of biotechnological applications.
Analysis of microbial genomes also allowed the study of evolution of nuclear and organellar genomes of higher plants and that of the microbial genomes themselves. For instance, evolution of mitochondrial genome from proteobacteria like Rickettsia and that of chloroplast genome from cyanobacteria like Synechocystis, has been suggested through the study of genome sequences. An orgin of eukaryotic nuclear genome from the fusion of achaebacterial and eubacterial genomes has also been suggested. Another phenomenon discovered through genome analysis is the extensive horizondal or lateral gene transfer, which involves transfer of genes from microbes to the nuclear and organellar genomes of eukaryotes, from organellar genome to the nuclear gnome and also the transfer of genes among microbial genomes themselves. A more detailed discussion of this subject is beyond the scope of this book.

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Molecular Techniques for Microbial Biocatalysts Production of Antibiotics by Micro Organisms Status of the Production of Different Antibiotics in India Microbes used for Production of Antibodies Steps for Commercial Production of Antibodies Microbial Transformations Transformations of Steroids and Sterols Transformation of Sorbitol to Sorbose Transformation of Antibiotics Single Cell Proteins SCPs from Micro Organisms The SCP Process Sewage Treatment Using Microbial Systems Degradation of Sewage Methane Production Biotechnology in Paper Industry Biological Lignin Degradation Sericulture Biotechnology Silkworm Improvement Through Biotechnology Immunodiagnostic Kits for Diseases Mulberry Improvement Through Biotechnology Biohydrometallurgy and Biomineralization Mechanisms of Metal Recovery Commercial Processes for Metal Recovery Biomineralization Deposition of Metals Bacterial Biomineralization Processes Applications of Genetically Engineered Bacteria Microbial Genomics in Industry Use of Genome Analysis for Designing Vaccines and Drugs Genomics of Agricultural Microbes Plant Pathogens and Symbionts

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