Biohydrometallurgy and Biomineralization,Biomineralization,Acidithiobacillus,Thiobacillus,Ferrooxidans,Sulphides

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Your Ad Here	Biohydrometallurgy and Biomineralization For some years now, bacterial activity has been implicated in the weathering, leaching and deposition of mineral ores. This has led to a marriage between biotechnology and metallurgy, creating a new discipline known as biohydrometallurgy. Similarly in many cases the metals are deposited as insoluble oxides and sulphides due to large scale and long term activity of bacteria. This area of biotechnology reasearch is described as biomineralization.
Biohydrometallurgy : extraction of metals The conventional metallurgy involves smelting of ores at high temperature, involving high-energy cost and causing pollution. It was discovered in 1947 that copper could be leached from its ores by the activity of a bacterium Acidithiobacillus (formerly Thiobacillus) ferroxidans, which thrives in acidic medium and can live solely on sulphides, so commonly found in metal ores. This initially led to the use of biohydrometallurgy, for extraction of uranium in Canada in 1970, and extraction of gold in South Africa in 1980s. Subsequently, starting in 1986 and 1990s, this technology has either been already exploited or will be exploited commercially in several countries for extraction of Cu, Au, As, Ni, Zn, etc.
Microbes useful in metal recovery The microbes that are suitable and useful for metal recovery differ depending upon the temperature of the metal recovery process. At 40°C, the most important microbes are Gram negative bacteria belonging to genera Acidithiobacillus and Lactospirillum, which include (i) iron and sulphur oxidizing At. ferrooxidans, (ii) sulphur oxidizing At. thiooxidans and At. caldus, and (iii) iron oxidizing L. ferrooxidans and L. ferriphilum. At 50°C, the suitable biornining microbes include At. caldus, some species of the genus Leptospirillum, and some Gram negative bacteria including the members of the genera Sulphobacillus and Acidimicrobium, and at 70°C, the useful biomining microbes are members of the group archaea (Sulphobolus and Metallophaera). Improvement of bacterial strains for enhanced rate of leaching of metals is also being attempted for several of these bacteria.	Your Ad Here

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