Metabolic Engineering for PHAs,Hydroxyalkanoates,Numerous Bacterial,Carbon,Petrochemical Plastics,Hydroxybutyrate,Hydroxyvalerate,Transgenic Plants

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Metabolic Engineering and Metabolomics Metabolic Engineering and Metabolomics Introduction Cloning and Expression of Heterologous Genes Completion of Partial Pathways giving new Products Transfer of an Entire Biosynthetic Pathway Creating new Products and new Reactants Altering Nutrient uptake and Metabolite Transfer of Promising Natural Motifs Redirecting Metabolite Flow Desensitizing Feedback Inhibition Increased Threonine in Bacteria Increased Lysine Content in Crop Plants Elevation of the Activity of rate Limiting Enzymes Alteration in Protein Processing Pathway Reduction of Competition for Limited Resources Modification of Metabolic Regulation Molecular Breeding of Biosynthetic Pathways

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Metabolic engineering for PHAs
Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) or PHAs are produced by numerous bacterial species as carbon and energy reserves. They provide for biodegradable alternatives to petrochemical plastics. Poly (3- hydroxybutyrate) or PHB and poly (3- hydroxybutyrate-co-3) hydroxyvalerate or PHBv are two such polymers. PHB is some what brittle, whereas PHBV is more flexible and can be used for a variety of purposes. PHB could be produced in E. coli and transgenic plants, but the commerical production of PHBV is difficult, due to unavailability of metabolic precursors other than acetyl-CoA (synthesis of PHB is initiated by condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules, but synthesis of PHBV requires additional condensation of acetyl-CoA and propionyl CoA).

Metabolic engineering of Arabidopis thaliana and Brassica napus for production of PHBV has been successfully achieved through the use of four genes (ilvA, bktB, phbb, phbC) and by diverting metabolic pools of acetyl-CoA and threonine. The designed pathway to engineer PHBV production in plant plastids is show in. As shown in this propionyl-CoA is produced from threonine due to action of threonine deaminase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Mutant alleles of threonine deaminase gene (ilva) were used so that the enzyme does not respond to feedback inhibition due to isoleucine, which is synthesized from threonine.

Metabolic Engineering for PHAs

Biosynthetic Pathways leading to the productions of PHVB; Enzymes are shows for which genes were introduced while achieving production of PHBV through molecular breeding.

Biosynthetic Pathways leading to the production fo PHVB; Enzymes are shows for which genes were introduced while achieving production of PHBV through Molecular breeding.

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Propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA condense to produce D-b hydroxyvaleryl-CoA by reaction catalyzed by D-b ketothiolase (BktB) and D-reductase (phhB). D-b hydroxyvaleryl-CoA and D-b hydroxyvaleryl-CoA are then converted to PHBV due to PHB synthase.

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Carotenoid Biosynthesis Biosynthesis of Novel Carotenoids Biosynthesis of Acyclic and Cyclic Carotenoids Metabolic Engineering for PHAs Metabolic Engineering for Alkaloid Biosynthesis Pathway Analysis for Metabolic Engineering Metabolic Control Analysis (MCA) for Metabolic Engineering Metabolomics and Metabolic Engineering MS,NMR and Metabolomic Profiling Metabolomic Control Analysis and FANCY Limitations in Metabolic Engineering Due to Technology Metabolic Control Theory and Metabolic Engineering Limitations in Metabolic Engineering Due to Network Rigidity Identification and Classification of Principal Nodes Assessment of Nodal Rigidity and its Response to Metabolic Engineering