Early History of Drug Discovery, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Biological Tissues, Chemoreceptors, Microorganisms

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Drug Discovery and Drug Designing Drug Discovery and Drug Designing Introduction Early History of Drug Discovery History of Drug Discovery Enzymes/Receptors as Drug Targets Receptors as Drug Targets Enzymes as Drug Targets Molecular Biology for Drug Discovery Recombinant Proteins and Monoclonal Antibodies as Drugs Molecular basis of Disease Processes Target Identification and Validation Combinatorial Chemistry and HTS Organic Synthesis (Combinatorial Chemistry for Drug Discovery) Target-Oriented Organic Synthesis and Retrosynthetic Analysis

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Early History of Drug Discovery

During 19th and 20th centuries, drug research contributed more to the progress of medicine than any other single area of biomedical research. The drug research in its turn was driven by the developments in disciplines of chemistry, biochemistry and pharmacology. The history of drug discovery actually started with the discovery of dyes (colar-tar derivatives) and their affinity for biological tissues, which for the first time suggested the existence of ‘chemoreceptors’. Paul Ehrlich also suggested that certain chemoreceptors in parasites, microorganisms and cancer cells would be different from the analogous structures in healthy host tissues and that these different could be exploited therapeutically. This gave birth to chemotherapy and also to the discovery of drugs involved in therapeutic treatment

Isolation and purification of active ingredients of medicinal plants was another area of drug research. Which took birth in the 19th century. When morphine was isolated from opium in 1851, and papaverine was isolated from poppy (Papaver) in 1848. However, antispasmodic properties of papaverine were discovered later, in the year 1917. During 1877 to 1939, a large number of antibiotic substances were also discovered, the most important among them being penicillin belonging to the fungus Penicillium and discovered by Alexander Fleming in the year 1929. This had opened up a new area in the treatment of bacterial infections. A search was also made for drugs, which not only worked as antibiotics, but also exerted other pharmacological or chemotherapeutic properties. This led to the discovery of following drugs besides others: (i) ‘Ivermectin’ against tropical filariosis; (ii) ‘Iovastatin, a HMGA-Co reductase inhibitor, and (iii) ‘Cyclosporin A’ and FK 506 the immunosuppressants

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Diversity-Oriented Organic Synthesis and Evolving Synthetic Analysis Solid Phase Synthesis for Drug Discovery Combinatorial Biocatalysis for Drug Disovery Synthesis of Bergenin Derivatives Drug Discovery in Cancer Research Microbial Genomics for New Antibiotics Genomics Drugs (Pharmacogenomics) Immunotoxins as Drugs Drug Designing Drug Designing by Blocking Enzyme Activity Drug Designing through Blocking Hormone Receptors Drug Designing through Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Drug Designing Against Heterogeneous Targets