Some Examples of the Use of Immobilized Enzymes Cells, Environment Protection, Fuel ethanol, Alcoholic Beverages, Lactose, Microbial Inoculants

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Some Example of the Use of Immobilized Enzymes/Cells
Immobilized enzymes/cells have already been used for a variety of purposes including bioprocess/fermentation industry, agriculture and environment protection. In India, ressearch in this area is in progress at BARC, Mumbai under the leadership of S.F.D Souza. Some uses of immobilized enzymes/cells will be discussed.

Immobilized enzymes/cells for bioprocess industry (including fermentation)
A number of examples of the use of immobilized enzymes/cells in a variety of bioprocesses. In addition to a variety of immobilized enzymes used in industry, yeast cells have been extensively used for the production of fuel ethanol, alcoholic beverages (including beer) and for removal of lactose from milk. Immobilized cells are also used for the continuous production of enzymes in several bioprocesses.

Immobilized cells for agriculture
Microbial inoculants are often used in agriculture for (i) enhancement of symbiotic/associative nitrogen fixation; (ii) for biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens. (iii) reduction of aflatoxins and (iv) biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds. However, in these practices, survival of microbes under biotic/abiotic stresses in the soil is a major limitation. Immobilization of microbial cells (encapsulation or entrapment) in these cases has been shown to provide protection against these stresses. For instance. microbial cells entrapped in alginate were found to survive, while the survival of free cells was greatly reduced under drying/wetting cycles in soil. In case of algal biofertilizers also, immobilization provided a definite advantage.

Immobilized cells for bioremediation
Immobilized cells (bacteria, yeast fungi, algae, etc.) have also been used during bioremediation operations for removing heavy metals and radionuclide waste from the atmosphere. Bioresins containing a variety of microbes are also being prepared for the treatment of radionuclide and allied wastes. For more details on immobilized enzymes and cells, readers are advised to consult an article by S.F.D. Souza published in Indian Journal of Biotechnology (Vol l. 321-328: 2002).

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Extraction of Enzymes Preparation of Crude Enzymes Purification of Enzymes Chromatography Adsorption Chromatography Ion Exchange Chromatography Gel Filtration Chromatography Affinity Chromatography Electrophoresis Immobilization of Enzymes or Whole Cells Techniques for Immobilization Adsorption Method Covalent Binding Method Cross Binding Method Some Reagents Used to Immobilize Enzymes by Cross Linking Entrapping Method Entrapping by Microencapsulation Requirements for Commercial use of Immobilized Enzyme Systems Enzyme Carrier Systems Some Applications of Immobilized Enzymes and Whole Cells Reactor Types Operating Strategy Stability of Immobilization and Protection of Immobilized EnzymesCells Some Examples of the Use of Immobilized Enzymes Cells Industrial Biocatalysis Biotransformation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids PUFAs Hydrolalse Mediated Biotransformations Oxidative Biotransformation Enzyme Engineering