Medical and Clinical Uses Drugs for Digestive Disorders, Deworming Medicines, Enzymes to Stop Bleeding, Enzymes as Surface Disinfectants

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Biocatalysis and Enzyme Biotechnology Biocatalysis and Enzyme Biotechnology - Introduction Some Research Activities Involving Enzymatic Synthesis Properties of Enzymes Parameters Affecting Enzymatic Reactions Definitions of Some Parameters used for Describing Key Properties of Enzymes Medium for Enzymes Aqueous vs Organic Solvent Selectivity of Enzymes Types of Enzymes Biomimetic Catalysts Enzymes Commonly Used in Organic Synthesis Extremozymes Cofactor Dependent Enzymes and Cofactor Regeneration Modular Enzymes Coenzymes Use of Enzymes Medical and Clinical Uses Drugs for Digestive Disorders Industrial Uses Uses of Industrial Uses Textile Industry Uses of Leather Industry Uses of Paper Industry Cellulase Free Xylanases Uses of Food Industry Isolation and Purification of Enzymes

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Medical and Clinical Uses
Drugs for Digestive Disorders
Some digestive enzymes such as amylases, proteases and lipases are often used as components of drugs to cure digestive disorders.

Deworming medicines
The plant proteases like papain (from papaya) and ficin (from fig) are used as deworming medicines for humans and domestic animals. These enzymes are not inhibited by the secretions of the worms and cause digestion of the worms.

Enzymes to stop bleeding
The enzyme thrombin obtained from beef plasma is used topically to stop bleeding during operations and after tooth extraction. The enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin and small peptides, which are then insolubilised causing blood to clot.

Enzymes as surface disinfectants
'Trypsin' has been used in cleaning away thick, purulent (full of pus) masses in surface infections and in emphysema (enlargement of vesicles of lungs) associated with pleural pneumonia. The area cleaned by its digestive action heals much more rapidly than untreated area. Two other enzymes, ficin and streptodornase are also used sometimes as wound debridement (removal of damaged tissue).

Diagnosis of diabetes
Glucose oxidase' in combination with peroxidase is used for colorimetric determination of glucose in blood. This test is generally conducted to determine the level of blood sugar thus leading to diagnosis of diabetes.

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Extraction of Enzymes Preparation of Crude Enzymes Purification of Enzymes Chromatography Adsorption Chromatography Ion Exchange Chromatography Gel Filtration Chromatography Affinity Chromatography Electrophoresis Immobilization of Enzymes or Whole Cells Techniques for Immobilization Adsorption Method Covalent Binding Method Cross Binding Method Some Reagents Used to Immobilize Enzymes by Cross Linking Entrapping Method Entrapping by Microencapsulation Requirements for Commercial use of Immobilized Enzyme Systems Enzyme Carrier Systems Some Applications of Immobilized Enzymes and Whole Cells Reactor Types Operating Strategy Stability of Immobilization and Protection of Immobilized EnzymesCells Some Examples of the Use of Immobilized Enzymes Cells Industrial Biocatalysis Biotransformation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids PUFAs Hydrolalse Mediated Biotransformations Oxidative Biotransformation Enzyme Engineering