Industrial Biocatalysis, Biocatalytic Process, Coenzyme Dependent Enzymes, Hydrolysis, Pharmaceutical Industries

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Biocatalysis and Enzyme Biotechnology Biocatalysis and Enzyme Biotechnology - Introduction Some Research Activities Involving Enzymatic Synthesis Properties of Enzymes Parameters Affecting Enzymatic Reactions Definitions of Some Parameters used for Describing Key Properties of Enzymes Medium for Enzymes Aqueous vs Organic Solvent Selectivity of Enzymes Types of Enzymes Biomimetic Catalysts Enzymes Commonly Used in Organic Synthesis Extremozymes Cofactor Dependent Enzymes and Cofactor Regeneration Modular Enzymes Coenzymes Use of Enzymes Medical and Clinical Uses Drugs for Digestive Disorders Industrial Uses Uses of Industrial Uses Textile Industry Uses of Leather Industry Uses of Paper Industry Cellulase Free Xylanases Uses of Food Industry Isolation and Purification of Enzymes

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Industrial Biocatalysis
Industrial uses of enzymes were described earlier in this chapter. However the use of enzymes in industry need to be economical and costeffective. Both isolated enzymes and whole cells are used in industry today, making this an active area of research. To be economically viable, most industrial processes should involve (i) high product concentration and productivities; (ii) no undesirable by-products and (iii) enzymes that do not require expensive cofactors.The economic feasibility of a biocatalytic process at industrial scale depends on several factors depicted in diagram.

The Biocatalytic Cycle Showing Different Factors, which Determine the Economic Feasibility of an Industrial Biocatalytic Process

A. Biocatalyst Engineering	B. Biocatalyst Characterization	C. Biocatalyst Selection	D. Process	E. Product Recovery	F. Application
1. Cell Engineering	1. Kinetics	1. Screening	1. Reactants	1. Downstream	1. Stability
2. Process Engineering	2. Reaction Conditions	2. Enzyme or Cells ?	2. Products	2. In Situ Recovery	2. Immobilization
3. Enzyme Engineering	3. Structural Information		3. Economics		3. Cofactor Regeneration
4. New Reactions					4. Multiphase Systems

New processes can be developed either due to the availability of a new enzyme which would function with available substrate or due to the identification of new desired products, for which enzyme and suitable substrate are selected. For a conversion involving isomerization or hydrolysis, which do not require regeneration of coenzymes, either pure enzyme or whole cells can be used. But when cofactors are needed, whole cells are preferred, since they enable cofactor regeneration.

Following factors are taken into consideration to optimise the performance of biocatalyst and biocatalytic process: (i) if necessary, the enzyme should be engineered for better activity, improved substrate range and enzyme stability (consult next chapter for details); (ii) the host cell should be selected for solvent resistance, substrate import, product export and elimination of side reactions; (iii) the biocatalyst (enzyme or cells) may be immobilized and cofactors regenerated for coenzyme-dependent enzymes; (iv) the reaction medium, consisting of an aqueous phase, an organic phase or a two liquid phase system should be optimized for dissolving substrates and products, while maintaining enzymatic activity.

Industrial biocatalysis is particularly utilized in food and pharmaceutical industries, where reaction selectivity and complex substrate specificity are critical. Following are three such examples of the use of enzymes in food and pharmaceutical industry: (i) production of high-fructose com syrup, which involves conversion of D-glucose to D-fructose due to xylose isomerase; (ii) preparation of semi-synthetic penicillins catalysed by penicilllin amidase; (iii) biotransformation of polyunsaturated acids for products with nutritional and biomedical attributes (see next para). Similarly, the following two other examples involve synthesis of speciality chemicals and polymers: (i) synthesis of phenomic resins, through the use of peroxidases to be used as replacements of conventional phenol for-maldehydes and (ii) synthesis of acrylamide, through hydration of acrylonitrile, using nitrile hyratase.

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Extraction of Enzymes Preparation of Crude Enzymes Purification of Enzymes Chromatography Adsorption Chromatography Ion Exchange Chromatography Gel Filtration Chromatography Affinity Chromatography Electrophoresis Immobilization of Enzymes or Whole Cells Techniques for Immobilization Adsorption Method Covalent Binding Method Cross Binding Method Some Reagents Used to Immobilize Enzymes by Cross Linking Entrapping Method Entrapping by Microencapsulation Requirements for Commercial use of Immobilized Enzyme Systems Enzyme Carrier Systems Some Applications of Immobilized Enzymes and Whole Cells Reactor Types Operating Strategy Stability of Immobilization and Protection of Immobilized EnzymesCells Some Examples of the Use of Immobilized Enzymes Cells Industrial Biocatalysis Biotransformation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids PUFAs Hydrolalse Mediated Biotransformations Oxidative Biotransformation Enzyme Engineering

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