Enzyme Carrier Systems, Enzyme Purification, Enzyme Stability, Composition of Carrier System, Magnesia, Alumina, Glucose Isomerase

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Biocatalysis and Enzyme Biotechnology Biocatalysis and Enzyme Biotechnology - Introduction Some Research Activities Involving Enzymatic Synthesis Properties of Enzymes Parameters Affecting Enzymatic Reactions Definitions of Some Parameters used for Describing Key Properties of Enzymes Medium for Enzymes Aqueous vs Organic Solvent Selectivity of Enzymes Types of Enzymes Biomimetic Catalysts Enzymes Commonly Used in Organic Synthesis Extremozymes Cofactor Dependent Enzymes and Cofactor Regeneration Modular Enzymes Coenzymes Use of Enzymes Medical and Clinical Uses Drugs for Digestive Disorders Industrial Uses Uses of Industrial Uses Textile Industry Uses of Leather Industry Uses of Paper Industry Cellulase Free Xylanases Uses of Food Industry Isolation and Purification of Enzymes

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Enzyme Carrier Systems
The choice of an immobilized enzyme system depends on the following two factors:

(a) Enzyme purification and stability
The manufacturers have to make a choice about the purity of enzyme. The less purified enzyme requires a larger bulk of enzyme, while highly purified is more expensive. The higher purity may also avoid undesirable side reactions due to (i) absence of other enzymes and due to (ii) low duration, for which the substrate has to be in contact with the enzyme.

Since, long operating life or maximum yield of product per unit weight of immobilized enzyme is critical for its commercial success, stability of enzyme system is important. Highest total productivity is achieved at lowest temperature, although contamination and capital costs may be higher at low temperature. The stability of the support material as well as the activity of enzyme are also influenced by pH, so that pH profile of enzyme system should also be known.

(b) Nature and composition of carrier system
The charge on the carrier also influences pH. For instance, if carrier is negatively charged. H⁺ ions will accumulate at its boundary leading to drop in pH and if positively charged, there will be increase in pH. Such changes in there will reduce stability of the system and may be overcome by incorporation of the ions of interest into the carrier. For example, magnesia incorporated into porous alumina support (developed by Corning) for glucose isomerase increased the observed activity of enzyme by more than 50%.

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Extraction of Enzymes Preparation of Crude Enzymes Purification of Enzymes Chromatography Adsorption Chromatography Ion Exchange Chromatography Gel Filtration Chromatography Affinity Chromatography Electrophoresis Immobilization of Enzymes or Whole Cells Techniques for Immobilization Adsorption Method Covalent Binding Method Cross Binding Method Some Reagents Used to Immobilize Enzymes by Cross Linking Entrapping Method Entrapping by Microencapsulation Requirements for Commercial use of Immobilized Enzyme Systems Enzyme Carrier Systems Some Applications of Immobilized Enzymes and Whole Cells Reactor Types Operating Strategy Stability of Immobilization and Protection of Immobilized EnzymesCells Some Examples of the Use of Immobilized Enzymes Cells Industrial Biocatalysis Biotransformation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids PUFAs Hydrolalse Mediated Biotransformations Oxidative Biotransformation Enzyme Engineering