students Logo
Home | Sitemap | Contact us | Search | Language
  CareerCareers Exams Competitive Exams College Colleges Scholarship Scholarships Loan Loans Results Exam Results Login Login
Left Right
  Home >> Genetics Dictionary >> Chiasma - Chiasmata Chimeraplasty

Chimera (pI. chimaera)
An organism that contains cells or tissues with a different genotype. These can be mutated cells of the host organism or cells from a different organism or species.
2. An individual animal or plant made up of cells derived from more than one zygote or otherwise genetically distinct. Animals
Although some chimeras do arise naturally, most are produced experimentally, either by mixing cells of very early embryos or by tissue grafting in late embryos or adults.
Experimental chimeras have been used to study a number of biological questions, including the origin and fate of cell lineages during embryonic development, immunological self-tolerance, tumor susceptibility, and the nature of malignancy. See also: Cell lineage

Mixing embryo cells
Two techniques used to form chimeras by mixing embryo cells are aggregation and injection.

Aggregation chimeras
The first experimental mammalian chimeras were produced from mouse embryos in the early 1960s, first by Andrei Tarkowski and later by Beatrice Mintz. The technique involves removing the zonae pellucidae from around 8-16 cell embryos of different strains of mice and pushing the morulae together so that the cells can aggregate. After a short period of laboratory culture, during which the aggregate develops into a single large blastocyst, the embryo is returned to a hormone-primed foster mother. Chimeric offspring are recognized in several ways.
If derived from embryos of pigmented and albino strains, they may have strips of pigmented skin and patches of pigment in the eye. Internal chimerism can be detected by use of chromosomal markers or genetically determined enzyme variants. Chimeras accept skin grafts from the two component strains, but reject grafts from third-party strains

Aggregation chimeras formed from embryos of strains A and B are denoted A B, and chimeras developing from two embryos are often known as tetraparental animals.
Up to 15 mouse embryos have been aggregated to form a single giant blastocyst. However, the offspring from such experiments are always normal, so that size regulation must occur after implantation. On average, 50% of aggregation chimeras will be XX XY. Sex determination seems to depend on the relative number of XX and XY cells in the fetal gonads, and in mice most of these animals develop into phenotypic males.

Techniques for making aggregation chimeras (left) and injection chimeras (right) from early mouse embryos
. Chimera Mouse Embryos
Chimeraplasty
An experimental targeted repair process in which a desirable sequence of DNA is combined with RNA to form a chimeraplast. These molecules bind selectively to the target DNA. Once bound, the chimeraplast activates a naturally occurring gene-correcting mechanism. Does not use viral or other conventional gene-delivery vectors.

 

Left Right