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  Home >> Chemistry Dictionary >>Dispersing Agent - Doping

Dislocation. A dislocation is normally a line defect in a crystal lattice although some other types are known.

Dispersing Agent. A substance used in the production of emulsions or dispersions of immiscible liquids or liquids and solids. The dispersing agent may lower the interfacial surface tension (surface tension depressant) or increase the viscosity of the continuous phase (protective colloid).
Dispersing agents, such as polyethylene polyamide succinimides or methacrylate-type copolymers, are added to motor oils to disperse ‘low-temperature sludge’ formed in sparkignition-engines.

Dispersion. Refers to a reducing of solids or liquids to minute particles in some medium to prepare powders, suspensions, emulsions. Used to obtain colloidal systems and disperse system in general.

Displacement reaction.  A chemical reaction in which an atoms or groups displace another atom or group from a molecule, e.g., iron displaces copper from CuSO4 solution.
CuSO4+Fe ---> FeSO4 + Cu¯
  (aq.)   (S)        (aq.)       (S)

Distillate. The material generally liquid, that is vapourised and condensed in the process of distillation.

Distillation flask. A flask used when distilling liquids, it has aside arm or its neck.

Donnan memberane equilibrium. This concerns the distribution of ions on each side of a membrane separating two portion of a solution of an electrolyte, e.g. NaCl in water; on one side of the membrane a polyelectrolyte, e.g. a protein, is introduced, the molecules and ions of which cannot pass through the membrane. The distribution of the NaCl on the two sides of the membrane will be unequal and a membrane potential will be established. The theory of such systems, which are of importance in biology, was fully worked out by Donnan.

Donor. The atoms ion or molecule that gives the pair of electron in forming a covalent Bond.

Doping. The name given to the practice whereby electrical, magnetic and other properties of a solid may be changed by incorporation of impurities in the host lattice. E.g. the incorporation of small amounts of Li+ or Ga3+ into the nickel oxide lattice results in a respective decrease or increase in conductivity of the latter. Incorporation of e.g. B in Si forms useful semi-conductors. When the dopant is not incorporation directly into the lattice, but rather forms discrete aggregations within it, the process is referred to as domain doping.
Double bound. Atoms can share two pairs of electrons forming a double bond (two covalent bonds). Ethene.

Has a double bond. A double bond is stronger than a single bond although more reactive. Formally a double bond generally arises from overlap of p-orbitals of two atoms which are already unite by overlap of s orbitals. See pi bond, sigma bond.

Double decomposition. A chemical change between two compounds in which two new compounds are formed by mutual exchange of their radicals. e.g. reaction between sodium bromide and silver nitrate
NaBr +AgNO3 ---> AgBr + NaNO3
Also used in group theory to denote particular energy states, e.g. with s = 2.

Dow process. The process for the extraction of magnesium from sea-water by precipitation of Mg(OH)2 by Ca(OH)2 followed by solution of the hydroxide in hydrochloric acid.

           

 

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