Dictionary, Defintion, Meaning, What is Carbon Dating, Carbon Reside, Carbonates, Carbonic Anhydrase, Carbonium Ions, Carbon Tetrabromide, Carboxyl Group, Carboxylic Acids

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Home >> Chemistry Dictionary >> Carbon Dating Carbon Reside

Your Ad Here	Carbonates. Salts of weak acid H₂CO₃. The normal carbonates include many minerals and compounds of great technical importance (e.g. CaCO₃, MgCO₃, Na₂CO₃, ZnCO₃). The hydrogen carbonates contain the [HCO₃]^- ion and important salts include NaHCO₃ and Ca(OH₃)₂. The carbonates of the alkali and alkaline earth metals are stable (the latter in soluble). Most other metal carbonates are precipitated as basic carbonates, e.g. 2PbCO₃Pb(OH)₂. All carbonates except the alkali metal carbonates except the alkali metal carbonates lose CO₂ on strong heating. Carbonate esters are important solvents.
Carbon dating ¹⁴C is continuously formed in the atmosphere by the reaction ¹⁴N +¹n--> ¹⁴C+¹H The ¹⁴C exchanges with ¹²C content decays with a half-life of 5730 years. Hence the age of a once living material may be established by determining the amount of ¹⁴C. Carbon Cycle. One of the major cycles of chemical elements in the environment. Carbon (as carbon dioxide) is taken from the atmosphere and incorporated into the tissues of plants in photosynthesis. IT may then pass into the bodies of animals as the plants are eaten. During the respiration of plants, animals, and organisms that bring about decomposition, carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere. The combustion of fossil fuels (e.g. coal and peat) also releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide. (CO₂). A colourless gas obtained by the action of dilute acids on metallic carbonates. It is used moderately soluble in water and gives carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). It is used in soda water and aerated water. It is used in the manufacture of sugar, white lead, washing soda (Solvay’s process). A solid carbon dioxide known as dry ice and is used as coolant. It is also used to extinguish fire. Carbonic anhydrase. A very important enzyme which reversibly catalyses the reaction H₂O + CO₂ H₂CO₃ in an organism. In respiration, it catalyses in the blood vessels of the lung, whereas in kidney function it promotes the formation of carbonic acid.	Your Ad Here
At the pH of blood most of the CO₂ is present as H₂ Co₃. The enzyme is widely distributed and can be isolated from red blood cells. The enzyme contains Zn as a prosthetic group Carbonium ions. See Carbonium ions Carbon residue. The tendency for diesel fuel, fuel oil lubricating oil to form carbon on heating or burning in the absence of excess air can be measured by evaluating the carbon residue. Carbon tetrachloride. Tetrachloromethane, CCl₄. m.p. —23°C, b.p. 76.5°C. Manufactured from CS₂ plus Cl₂ or by chlorination of CH₄ and other hydrocarbons. In presence of H₂Ogives HCl and phosgene Cl₂CO. Relatively toxic to the liver. The simplest member of the series of perchlorocarbons. Used as a solvent (use tends to be replaced by higher homologues and chloroethane derivatives) as a fumigant and in fire extinguishers.
Your Ad Here	Carboxyl group. The organic group COOH, present in carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids. Organic compounds containing one or more carboxyl (—COOH) groups; the number of these groups is indicated by the prefixes mono-, di-, tri-, etc. These acids are much weaker than the mineral acids such as hydrochloric, but they are partially ionized in aqueous solution and all liberate carbon dioxide from metallic carbonates and hydrogen carbonates. The strength of the acid is markedly affected by the nature of the affected by the nature of the remainder of the molecule e.g., Cl₃C.CO₂H, trichloroethanoic acid is a very strong acid. They from salt with metals and with organic bases, and very strong acid. They form slat with metals and with organic bases and form esters with alcohols. Anhydrides containing —C(O).O.C(O)—groups are formed from most acids by elimination of a molecule of water between two carboxyl groups. This elimination may be either inter-or intra-molecular.

The hydroxyl (—OH) group is replaceable by halogens (with, e.g. PCl₅) to give acyl halides. The acids are formed by oxidation of the corresponding alcohol or aldehyde; by heating nitriles with alkalis; or by treating Grignard reagents with carbon dioxide and decomposing the product with sulphuric acid. Many of these acids occur naturally in plants and animals, either free or as salts of esters.

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