Savannah - Gross country which is broken by patches of forest or copse.

Saxatilis (Latin). Saxicole, Saxicolous - Growing on rocks or stones.

Scab - Any plant disease which is having conspicuous, raised scab-like lesions that are developed due to the formation of cork layers. Host response to disease has been found to be similar to that of canker but takes place to a lesser degree. Examples include scab of potato by bacterium Streptomyces scabies and apple scab by fungus Venturia inaequalis.

Scalariform - Anything resembling a ladder as in certain secondary xylem elements having parallel bands of thickening or some performation plates that have pores separated by parallel bars.

Scalariform Conjugation - Refers to a form of conjugation in certain filamentous algae, particularly of Zygnematales, in which two filaments first become parallel to each other and then conjugation tubes arise joining the cells of two filaments that are opposite to each other thereby forming a ladder-like structure.

Scalariform Thickening - Refers to the internal lignification of the wall of a xylem vessel to tracheid that is laid down more or less transversely like the rungs of a ladder.

Scale - (1) Refers to a thin, flat plant member, which may be green when very young, and is usually small.
(2)The hardened, usually non-green bract of a catkin.

Scale Bark - Bark which becomes detached in irregular patches. Scale Hair A multicellular flattened hair.

Scale Leaf - A membranous tough leaf, which is generally smaller than the normal leaf, and is usually protective.

Scandens (Latin), Scandenl - Describing climbing nature.

Scape - A flower stalk which is leafless or nearly so. It arises from the middle of a rosette of leaves and bears a flower, several flowers or a crowded inflorescence.

Scarification - Refers to the process of mechanical abrasion or chemical treatment of the surface of hard seed so as to make it permeable to water and thereby hasten its generation.

Scarious - Anything that is having a dry, membranous appearance but is fairly stiff.

Schizocarp - A dry fruit developed from a syncarpous ovary that splits at maturity into its constituent carpels, which are generally one-seeded.

Schizcotyly - A forking of the cotyledons.

Schizogeny - Refers to the formation of space by separation of cells. Compare lysigeny.

Schizont - A vegetative thallus, which lacks wall and undergoes simple or multiple division.

Scion - (1) A portion of a plant that is usually a piece of young stem and is inserted into a rooted stock in grafting.
(2) A young plant that is formed at the end of, or along the course of, a runner.
(3) A stolon.

Sciophyte - A plant showing better growth in lower level of illumination and, therefore, preferring shade.

Sclereid - Refers to a relatively short sclerenchyma cell that is generally formed by thickening (often by lignification) of the wall of a parenchyma cell simple pits of sclereids are generally more conspicuous than those of fibres. Sclerids often occur as idioblasts in other tissues.

Scissile (1) Capable of being split.
(2) Refers to the flesh of a pileus which can be separated into horizontal layers.

Sclerenchyma - Mechanical tissue which consists of cells with thick lignified walls and small lumens. If the cells are elongated, they are termed as fibers, and have pointed ends, usually occurring in bundles. When the cells are ova1 or rounded, they are termed as sc1erides. These occur singly or in groups.

Sclerosis - The hardening of cell-walls, or tissues, that usually occurs by thickening and lignification.

Sclerotium - (1) Said of a compact mass of fungal hyphae often with a thickened rind. It varies in size from a pin-head to a man's head. They are orrgans of perennation, and may produce fruit-bodies.
(2) Of Myxomycetes, the firm, resting condition of a. plasmodium.

Scorpiod Cyme - A cyme in which the branches are developing alternately to left and right, but are not lying all in one plane. The bud, the axis of the inflorescence is coiled.

Scotophyte - A plant living in the dark.

Scrambler - A plant having long, week shoots, and growing over and above other plants.

Scutellum - (1) The cotyledon of a grass embryo. It gets flattened and in intimate contact with the endosperm, acting as an absorptive organ.
(2) A shield-like cover, as found in some ascoma.

Sea Weed - Algae that are living in the sea or in close proximity to the sea.

Secondary Growth - Used for describing the formation increase in diameter of a plant organ which is formed due to tissues by activity of cambium. Tissues thus formed are called secondary tissues, tissues. Such growth takes place mostly in stem and roots and is common in most dicotyledons and gymnosperms and a few monocotyledons.

Secondary Meristem - A region of active cell-division arising from permanent tissue.

Secondary Mycelium. (1) The mycelium of the binucleate segments that is bearing clamp-connections and occurred in many Basidiomycetes.
(2) Hyphae growing down from the developing fruit-body of a fungus. They absorb food-material from the substratum.

Secondary Nucleus - The nucleus which is formed in the embryo sac by the union of two polar nuclei.

Secondary Petiole - The petiole of a leaflet of a com pound leaf.

Secondary Phloem - The phloem that is formed by the activity of a cambium.

Secondary Segregation - Refers to the segregation in an allopoly-ploid of differences between its ultimate diploid parents.

Secondary Spore - Spores, other than basidiospores, that are formed by basidiomycetes.

Secondary Succession - A succession that has arisen after the ground has been cleared of its original vegetation.