Creationism (special creation theory). Used for the view of origin of life which is opposed to evolutionary. According to this theory all organisms, living and dead have been especially designed by a Creator.

Cremocarp - A schizocarpic fruit developed from bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary and is bilocular and two seeded. At maturity, it splits into two one-seeded and one-chambered mericarps along the carpophore. E.g., fruits of umbelliferae.
Crenulate - Used for leaf margin which is having rounded projections like crenate but the projections are much smaller in comparison.

Criss-Cross Inheritance - This occurs when all the male offspring of a cross have a character shown only by the female parent, and all the female offspring have a character shown only by the male parent.

Crista - (1) A ridge-like membrane which is running the length of some
bacterial cells.
(2) Paried membranes which are found in mitochondria, and
separated by cisteria like spaces. They may be branched.

Critical Dark Period - Used for the mimimum length of time of continuous darkness specific for a species, that will keep flowering in a long day species inhibited or that is necessary for initiating flowering in a short-day species.

Critical Daylength - Used for the minimum length of time of daylight exposure which is specific and is necessary to initiate flowering in long day species or inhibit flowering in a short-day species.

Critical Point Drying - A technique used for removing water from biological specimens without causing shrinkage or collapse.

Cross - (1) The act of fertilization which is taking place between
two individuals of different breeds or races.
(2) An individual produced by such a fertilization.

Cross-Fertilization - Refers to the fertilisation of female gamete of one individual by the male gamete of another individual.

Cross Field - In radial longitudinal section of gymnospermous wood cross field represents the area in which walls of ray cells about onto those of axial tracheids. This region is usually pitted and form of these pits in the field(cross field pits) is a characteristic of a genus or group of genera.

Crossing -Over - Used for describing the exchange of corresponding segments of two chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. This takes place by the breaking and reunion of the chromatids, and results in the independent segregation of the the genes.

Cross-Over Unit - A1 % frequency of interchange which is taking place between a pair of linked genes.

Cross-Over Value - The percentage of gamotes showing crossing over of a particular gene.

Cross-Pollination - Used for the transfer of pollen form the anther of one individual to the stigma of another.

Cross Protection - Used for protecting a young plant from virulent strains of a virus by inoculating it with mild strain of that virus. This procedure finds use in controlling tobacco mosaic virus and citrus tristera virus.

Crown Gall - A gall disease which is caused by soil borne becterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Galls are produced below and above ground on a wide range of hosts, particularly fruit trees.

Crozier - The hook which is formed by an ascogenous hyphaprevious to ascus development.

Cryptantherous - Used for stamens which are enclosed within the flower.

Cryptogams - Used for describing plants in which the method of
reproduction is not immediately apparent i.e., in which reproductivestructures are not borne conspicuously in flowers or cones, e.g., algae, fungi, bryophytes.

Cryptomere - A genetic factor which is not seen.

Cryptomerism - A failure of characters to show in the offspring, which nevertheless has the corresponding hereditary factor.

Cryptophyte - A plant forming dormant buds below the soil surface.

Cryptoplasm - That part of the crytoplasm that appears to lack granules.

Cryptopodsol - A soil which does not appear to be a podsol but can be shown to be so by chemical analysis.

Cryptostoma - A flask shaped cavity in the thallus of some of the larger brown lagae. It is having mucilage secreting hairs.

Culm - Used for the jointed stem of members of family Graminae and Cyperaceae. In grasses, it is normally hollow or rarely with pith. In sedges, it is normally solid and traingular in cross section.

Cultivar - Any variety or strain which is produced by horticultural or agricultural techniques but not normally occurred in nature e.g., any cultivated variety.

Culture - Used for the growth of organisms, especially microrganisms, under clearly defined conditions which are usually artificial. Such methods may be employed experimentally, e.g., with fungi and bacteria, or horticuturally, e.g., with mushrooms and tomatoes.

Culture Medium - (nutrient medium). A mixture of nutrients which is used to support the growth of a culture of microogranisms, cells, tissues organisms. It may be solid if mixed with a gelling agent (commonly agar) or liquid. A culture medium must have all the micro and macronutrients which are necessary for the growth of culture and a carbohydrate source (usually supplied as sucrose) is also necessary.

Cuneate - Used for leaves that are wedge shaped with the point of wedge forming the base of lamina.

Cup Fungi - Used for the fungal members of order Melotiales (having some 90 genera and 1750 species) of Discomycetes which from somewhat cup-shaped ascocarp.

Cupule - (1) A depression present on the surface of the gametophyte of some Marchantiales, the cells of which produce the gemmae.
(2) A cup which is surrounding the fruit of some trees.

Cushion - Used for the central portion of the prothallus of a fern.
It is several cells thick and bears rhizoids and sex organs.

Cusp - A sharp point, as on teeth.

Cuspindate - Having a rigid point.

Cuticle - A non-cellular waxy layer which is secreted by the epidermis. It protects the surface and reduces water loss.

Cuticular Diffusion - The passage of gases which takes place through the cuticle of a plant.
Cutin - Used for the substance of plant cuticle deposited OIL, or in, the outer layer of cell walls. It is produced by the oxidation and condensation of fatty acids.

Cutting - Used for method of vegetative propagation, in which pieces of stems or roots are planted, and develop into new plants.

Cyanocobalamin - (vitamin B12)' Used for a complex molecule which has a corrinring (similar to a porphyrin ring) and a ribonucleotide. Corrin ring has a cobalt atom which gets boned to a cyanide group and to the ribonucleotide. It is not produced by plants or animals and is obtained form Streptomyces olivaceus.

Cyanogenesis - Used for the production of cyanide glycosides by certain plants e.g., PiunusJ aurocerasus, trifolium repens etc.