Transcript Monitoring Using DNA Chips, Microarrays, Inflammatory Diseases, Arabidopis, Genomic chips, GenBank, Microarrays

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DNA Chip Technology and Microarrays DNA Chip Technology and Microarrays - Introduction Types of DNA Chips and Their Production Production of Oligonucleotide Microarrays Light Directed Deprotection Method Ink Jet Printing Technology Production of cDNA Microarrays

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DNA chips and functional genomics

Transcript monitoring using DNA chips.
Measurement of the level of transcripts for thousands of genes in parallel is one of the most widespread uses of DNA chip technology. Both oligonucleotide and cDNA microarrays work well for estimating the level of transcripts. Relative advantages of oligonucleotide and cDNA microarrays for gene expression studies are listed in. However, both the types of microarrays will be widely used for gene expression studies.

Following three strategies can be adopted, while developing a chip for gene expression studies:
(i) A limited number of genes involved in a biological pathway may be selected; this has been done in an analysis of genes for inflammatory diseases, where cDNA microarrays were used;
(ii) clones from a library, prior to sequencing, may be used as has been done in human genome for monitoring 1000 genes; in this strategy, only cDNA micro arrays can be used;
(iii) a complete expressed sequence content of an organism is used, as done in yeast. Through these genomic chips, novel expressed sequences can be detected.

In each of a number of plant systems also, expression profiles of a large number of genes in parallel have been obtained using cDNA microarrays. More than millions of ESTs (expressed sequence tags) are now available in dbEST of GenBank and can be used for the preparation of cDNA microarrays. In December, 2001, in Arabidopsis 16,000 ESTs were already available, next to only human and mouse ESTs in number. In an earlier study conducted in 1995, differential expression measurements of 45 Arabidopsis genes were made by means of simultaneous two colour fluorescence hybridization.

In a more recent study, more than 1400 of Arabidopsis EST cDNA clones were used for the preparation of cDNA microarrays. These microarrays were used for hybridization leading to the preparation of expression profiles for major organs (root, leaf, flower) of Arabidopsis plants. Novel expression profiles were identified for many sequences, leading to the understanding of their possible functions

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