Plant Viruses Cauliflower Mosaic Virus or Camv and Geminiviruses, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Three Groups of Viruses

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Home >> Biotechnology and Genomics >> Cloning and Expression Vectors >> Plant Viruses Cauliflower Mosaic Virus or CaMv and Geminiviruses

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Plant viruses (cauliflower mosaic virus or CaMV and geminiviruses)

Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and geminiviruses are three groups of viruses that have been used as vectors for cloning of DNA segments. CaMV infects particularly' the members of Cruciferae and has a double stranded DNA molecule, 8kbp in size, whose sequence is now known.

Following infection, the virus spreads systematically throughout the plant in a very high copy number reaching upto 105 virus particles per cell. These features make CaMV a suitable vector for transformation of higher plants although there are instances of the use of other viruses also as vectors leading to the production of transgenic plants.

Geminiviruses comprise a group of single stranded DNA plant viruses causing important diseases in cassava, maize and other cereals. They replicate via double stranded DNA forms and have been subdivided into two groups, one infecting monocots and transmitted by leafhoppers and the other infecting dicots and transmitted by whitefly.

The dicot geminiviruses have two DNA segments in their genome, DNA A and DNA B, both essential for infection by mechanical inoculation. DNA A carries all genes responsible for replication.

It has been shown that deletions in coat protein gene do not destroy infectivity of the virus, which means that long deletions in this region can be used to insert foreign DNA to obtain gene constructs that will be extremely useful as amplification and expression vectors in plants.

Further, since the coat proteins are the must abundant proteins synthesized by the virus, promoters of coat protein genes can be used for high level expression of cloned genes. CLV and TGMV have already been tested for their ability to allow multiplication and expression of cloned genes.

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Geminiviruses infecting monocots	Geminiviruses infecting dicots
1. Maize streak virus (MSV)	1. Cassia latent virus (CLV)
2. Wheat dwarf virus (WDV)	2. Tomato golden mosaic vrus (TGMV)
3. Digitaria streak virus (DSV)	3. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)
4. Chloris striate mosaic virus (CSMV)	4. Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV)
	5. African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV)

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BACs and PACs as Vectors for Cloning large DNA Segments (100-300 kb) Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) P1-derived Artificial Chromosomes (PACs) Plant and Animal viruses as Vectors Plant Viruses (Cauliflower Mosaic virus or CaMV and Geminiviruses) Animal Viruses Transposons as Vectors Transposons of Higher Plants (Ac/Dc or Mul of Maize) Transposons of drosophila (P elements) YAC and MAC Vectors for Cloning very large DNA Segments (1000 kb) Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs) Mammalian Artificial chromosomes (MACs) Expression Vectors Promoters Nopaline Synthase (nos) Promoter from T-DNA Dual Promoter of Mannopine Synthase (mas) genes 1 and 2 35S Promoter of CaMV Polyhedrin Promoter from Baculovirus Expression Cassettes Baculovirus and Expression Vector System for Insect Cells Virus Expression Vectors for Mammalian Cells Binary and Shuttle Vectors