Mammalian Artificial Chromosomes MACs, Independent Chromosome, Functional Elements, Replication, Centromere, Fragments of DNA

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Cloning and Expression Vectors Cloning and Expression Vectors Introduction Cloning Vectors for Recombinant DNA Plasmids as Vectors Three Phases of the Development of Plasmid Cloning Vectors Alpha-Complementation for Screening Using "blue-white"Clonies Nonsense Suppressors to Complement Termination Codons in Vectors E.Coli Plasmid Vectors pBR322 and pBr327 Vectors pUC Vectors pSP64-pSP65 pGEM-3, pGEM-4, pGEM-3Z, pGEM-4Z ΠAN13 from ΠAN7 Yeast Plasmid Vectors Retriever Vectors Agrobacterium Plasmid Vectors Lambda Phage (λ)Vectors Lambda Phage (Lysis and Lysogeny) Genetic Markers for the Selection and Screening of λ Vectors Development of Lambda (λ)Phage Vectors Insertion λ Vectors Replacement λ Vectors M13 Phage as a Vector for DNA Sequencing M13-vectors-of-mp-Series Hosts for M13 Vectors Cosmids as Vectors Phagemids as Vectors Phagemids pUC118 and pUC119 Phagemid pBluesript IIKS

Home >> Biotechnology and Genomics >> Cloning and Expression Vectors >> Mammalian Artificial Chromosomes MACs

Your Ad Here	Mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) Mammalian artificial chromosome (MAC) vectors are designed to be able to replicate, segregate and express in a mammalian cell like any other mammalian chromosome along with other chromosomes. Since it will be an independent chromosome, with all the functional elements (telomeres, origins of replication, centromere, etc.), MAC will not be integrated with the genome and can be used as a vector maintaining a single copy per cell. It could carry large fragments of DNA representing an intact eukaryotic split gene with exons and introns permitting its normal expression regulated by the associated promoter sequences. In view of this, MACs are considered to be suitable for gene therapy, where the inserted DNA will be fully expressed, yet stably maintained without affecting the host genome.
During 1994-96 the possibility of the construction of MACs was still being explored. Firstly, only telomere sequences were available to be used in MACs. The other two components, i.e. the replication origins and the centromere sequences were not available to be cloned and used for the construction of MACs. Sequences for attachment to nuclear matrix or matrix attachment regions (MAR) may also be needed. The elements of YACs are constructed in E. coli, ligated in vitro and then transferred to yeast cells, but for MACs this may be difficult, since cloning of large mammalian DNA segments in E. coli and yeast may be difficult.
Therefore, one may design a MAC of the smallest possible size, then construct it in yeast and transfer it to mammalian chromosome. These problems associated with the construction of MACs and their insertion into mammalian cells were partly overcome later. In April 1997 issue of Nature Genetics, successful production of human artificial chromosome was reported. These human artificial chromosomes are 1/5th to 1/IOth the size of a normal human chromosome and are already being used for the study of regulation of gene activity and also for gene therapy.	Your Ad Here

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BACs and PACs as Vectors for Cloning large DNA Segments (100-300 kb) Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) P1-derived Artificial Chromosomes (PACs) Plant and Animal viruses as Vectors Plant Viruses (Cauliflower Mosaic virus or CaMV and Geminiviruses) Animal Viruses Transposons as Vectors Transposons of Higher Plants (Ac/Dc or Mul of Maize) Transposons of drosophila (P elements) YAC and MAC Vectors for Cloning very large DNA Segments (1000 kb) Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs) Mammalian Artificial chromosomes (MACs) Expression Vectors Promoters Nopaline Synthase (nos) Promoter from T-DNA Dual Promoter of Mannopine Synthase (mas) genes 1 and 2 35S Promoter of CaMV Polyhedrin Promoter from Baculovirus Expression Cassettes Baculovirus and Expression Vector System for Insect Cells Virus Expression Vectors for Mammalian Cells Binary and Shuttle Vectors

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