Tissue Culture Techniques in Biotechnology, Novel Possibilities, Haploid Breeding, Gametoclonal, Somaclonal Variation, DNA Technology

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Tissue culture techniques in biotechnology

An important aspect of all biotechnology processes is the culture of either the microorganisms or plant and animal cells (or protoplasts in case of plants) or tissues and organs in artificial media. These possibilities led to significant advances and novel possibilities. While microbes in culture are used in recombinant DNA technology and in a variety of industrial processes, plant cells and tissues are used for a variety of genetic manipulations.

For example, anther culture is used for haploid breeding; gametic and somatic cell tissue cultures are used for tapping gametoclonal and somaclonal variation or for production of artificial seeds. Transformation of protoplasts in culture leads to the production of useful transgenic plants. Embryo culture technique has also helped in extending the range of distant hybridization for plant breeding purposes.

Similarly animal cells (e.g. egg cells) are used for multiplication of superior livestock using a variety of techniques like cloning of superior embryonic cells, transformation of cultured cells leading to the production of transgenic animals, and in vitrofertilization and transfer of embryos to surrogate mothers.

Cloning of a variety of animals was also successfully achieved, and efforts for human cloning were being made in the year 2001.

Different aspects of these culture techniques will make the subject matter of several chapters in this book (Part II and Part III).

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