Genomics Proteomics and Bioinformatics for Biotechnology, Genome Wide, Structural Genomics, Functional Genomics, Application Genomics, Human Proteome Project

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Your Ad Here	Genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics for biotechnology Toward the end of 20th century and in early part of the 21st century, the emphasis in biotechnology shifted to the genome-wide studies (studies of whole genomes) involving firstly, the determination of nucleotide sequences of whole genomes (structural genomics) and their role in determining the structures of proteins; secondly, the determination of specific functions of different expressed sequences (functional genomics), and finally, the use of information from structural and functional genomics for the human health care and for the improvement of plants and animals (application genomics).
Significant progress in the area of biotechnology and genomics has been made recently, with the publication of complete genome sequence of about 40 microbes during 1995-2001, of fruitfly in the year 2000, that of the first higher plant, Arabidopsis thaliana in December 2000, of two draft sequences of complete human genome in February 2001 and four drafts of rice genome sequence in the year 2002. Complete sequence of several other eukaryotes is being worked out at a fast pace. Functions of these sequences are also being worked out, thus leading to the rebirth of 'reverse genetics', where we look for functions or traits controlled by specific genome sequences, rather than looking for genes or DNA sequences controlling specific traits of interest.
With the completion of whole genome sequences of a number of microbes and a few eukaryotes in parallel with genomics research, currently a complementary area of research has emerged, which involves a study all proteins or proteome of the cell. The area of research is described as proteomics. The amino acid analysis used for proteomics research combines separation of proteins by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), with sequencing of proteins and determination of their three dimensional structures. A Human Proteome Project has already been planned and similar projects to study proteome will be undertaken in a variety of plants and animal systems. The information generated by these projects will be relevant for biotechnology. In view of this, general methods and significance of genomics and proteomics research , and the information generated from genomics and proteomics research in animals and plants. As a result of genomics and proteomics research, enormous data is accumulating in databanks. Tools are being developed to use this data.	Your Ad Here

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