Definition of Biotechnology, Complete Definition, Fermentation, Old Biotechnology, Biological Organisms, Cultured Tissue Cells, Federation of Biotechnolgoy

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Your Ad Here	Definition of Biotechnology Biotechnology, being such an important area of study, attempts have been made to define it. It has been recognized that a complete definition of biotechnology is difficult due to such a wide range of its usage. Fermentation by some microorganisms, formation of yoghurt (curd) and cheese from milk and that of vinegar fro molasses, - production of antibiotics like penicillin from certain fungi and the process of baking and brewing are often included i describing what is called old biotechnology. The other examples of biological processes involving the techniques of recombinant DNA an polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , cell culture and fusion and bioprocessing which became possible only through the researches i molecular biology have been described as new biotechnology (according of OTA i.e. Office or Technology Assessment). However, in recent literature, no effort is made to distinguish between old and new biotechnology.
Following are some of the available definitions of biotechnology, and none of them may be really adequate. (1) Biotechnology is 'the application 01 biological organisms, systems or processes to manufacturing and service industries' (British Biotechnologist). (2) Biotechnology is the integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology, and engineering sciences in order to achieve technological (industrial) application of the capabilities of microorganisms, cultured tissue cells and parts thereof (European Federation of Biotechnology). (3) Biotechnology is a technology using biological phenomena for copying and manufacturing various kinds of useful substances (Japanese Biotechnologists). (4) Biotechnology is 'the controlled use of biological agents, such as microorganisms or cellular omponents, for beneficial use' (US National Science Foundation). (5) Biotechnology is 'any technique that uses living organisms or substances from these organisms, to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses' (Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Congress).
The last definition is wide and comprehensive and may be used by students, if they have to learn only one definition. More recently in a book entitled 'Biotechnology: Building on Farmers' Knowledge' (published in 1996), the following new definition has been given 'Biotechnology is the application of indigenous and/or scientific knowledge to the management of (parts of) microorganisms, or of cells and tissues of higher organisms, so that these supply goods and services of use to human beings'. This definition lays emphasis on the use of indigenous knowledge, its role being significant, but ignored for a. long time. In view of the intellectual property regime developed in rent years and in view of the significance being attached to the knowledge with the tribals and farmers about the use of plant and animal systems (particularly in the underdeveloped areas), this definition has been proposed to strike a balance between the knowledge base and the sophisticated research in the field of genetic engineering.	Your Ad Here

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