Experiments to introduce in human body, the lymphocytes containing a bacterial gene were approved for patients who were in the terminal stages of cancer and had no chance to survive.

During 1990s and early years of 21st century patients suffering with some lethal diseases were also subjected to gene therapy.

DNA fingerprinting and autoantibody fingerprinting techniques also proved a great boon in forensic medicine for identification of criminals like murderers and rapists through the study of

DNA or antibodies from blood and semen stains, urine, tears, saliva, perspiration or hair roots, etc.

Gene therapy and pharmacogenomics are other areas, which became important in recent years.