History of Bioinformatics, DNA Protein Sequences, Structure of Macromolecules, Molecular Structure, Nucleic Acids Proteins

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Bioinformatics and Data Mining - In Silico Biology Bioinformatics and Data Mining - In Silico Biology - Introduction History of Bioinformatics List of Major Events in Bioinformatics Web Services as Bioinformatics Tools Alignment Tools Some Important Web Sites Commonly Used For Bioinformatics The FASTA Family PatMatch Blast - Earlier Versions Blast - Later Versions ParAlign ProteinEngine and Transeq Interpro Multiple Sequence Alignment Tools Clustalw Phylip BioNumeric Version Multipurpose Analysis Tool / Biotechnix 3D Designing of PCR Primers Tools for In Silico Discovery of SNPs Tools for In Silico Mining of SSRs Assembly Packages for Large Scale Genome Sequencing

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Your Ad Here	History of Bioinformatics Bioinformatics involves the creation, maintenance and use of databases, to which new data on DNA and protein sequences are regularly added. These databases can be searched by remote computer access, whenever any new sequence needs to be compared with a sequence already available in the database. The discipline of bioinformatics, however, came into existence only in 1980s after automated DNA and protein sequencing became possible and computers became available as central repositories which were accessible remotely worldwide. In just a few years, bioinformatics established itself as a foundation of future biotechnology.
The early efforts in the field of bioinformatics included Staden package that was meant for DNA sequencing and analysis. Later, PROPHET in USA was developed as national computing resource for life science research tailored to meet. the needs of data management and analysis. This involved analysis of data, production of graphs, simulation models and the study of molecular structure of macromolecules including nucleic acids and proteins. In early 1980s, Amos Bairoch in Europe created a user club named BIONET (short for Biology Network) for life science users of microcomputers, who could share their experiences of the use of computers and exchange software packages among themselves. By coincidence, this name was later independently used in USA for an on-line forum of life science users. In 1985, the size of the club increased considerably, when the price of computers and software went down. However, due to local area networking, the utility of BIONET decreased and it ceased operation in - October 1986.
In March 1984 a package called NAPDB (Nucleic Acid and Protein Data Bank) was released. It was distributed with release of two EMBL's nucleotide sequence databases and a protein databank of 1200 sequences (EMBL = European Molecular Biology Laboratory). In the summer of 1984, Amos Bairoch changed the name of NAPDB to COMPSEQ, whose exclusive rights were sold to a company named GENOFIT. The first PC compatible version of COMPSEQ having 33 programs was released in July 1985. In 1986, COMPSEQ became known outside Europe. In late 1980s, a software company Intelli-Genetics from California negotiated with GENOFIT the exclusive rights of COMPSEQ and called it PC/GENE (a protein and nucleic acid sequence analysis package), which could be used for (i) translating a given gene sequence into amino acid sequence of a protein (including its secondary structure), and also for (ii) comparison of a given sequence with the sequences available in the database. Pc/GENE continued to expand both in the number of programs and the number of its users.	Your Ad Here
It underwent many successive releases, each with new functions, so that in February 1989, its major new version contained 76 programs. The last 6.85 version of PC/GNENE released in 1995 had. 82 programs. During mid-1980s, PROSITE (a dictionary of sites and patterns in proteins) was developed by Amos Bairoch, and was aimed to be a database of protein sequences and structure correlations. This database could be used with another software SEQANALREF, which could analyse and compare sequences that were available in PROSITE database. In the year 1986, SWISS-PROT was also developed as a protein databank, which is still popular and is considered an important resource for protein sequence and structure.
	With the emergence of proteomics in early' 1990s, databases like $WISS-2DPAGE were developed which carried the data on two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) maps of proteins from a variety of tissues of each of a number of organisms. Other new databases and softwares to access and analyse data were developed by National Institute of Health (Nffi) in USA and by Eutopean Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Europe. In early and mid-1990s, networking tools such as Gopher and WAIS and Web-serves such as ExP Asy were developed, which allowed remote communication. Thus, in mid-1990s the field of bioinformatics took off and was seen in its full bloom at the begining of the 21st century, so that independent courses in the field of Bioinformatics are being offered at several universities in India and abroad

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