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Home >> Biotechnology Dictionary >> Evalution - Exude

Evaluation - In AnGR: measurement of the characteristics that are important for production and adaptation, either of individual animals or of populations, most commonly in the context of comparative evaluation of the traits of animals or of populations.

Extinct breed - in AnGR: a breed where it is no longer possible to recreate the breed population. Extinction is absolute when there are no breeding males (se- men), breeding females (oo- cytes), nor embryos remaining.

Excision - the natural or in vitro enzymatic release (removal) of a DNA segment from a chromosome or cloning vector.

Evapotranspiration - the process of water loss in vapour form from a unit surface of land both directly and through leaf surfaces during a specific period of time.

Evolution - the process by which the present diversity of plant and animal life arose from the earliest organisms, a process believed to have been continuing for at least 3 000 million years.

Ex vivo gene therapy - the delivery of a gene or genes to the isolated cells of an individual. After culturing, the transformed cells are introduced back into the individual by transfusion, infusion or injection, to alleviate a genetic disorder.

Ex vitro - organisms removed from tissue culture and transplanted; generally plants to soil or potring mixture.

Excinuclease - the endonuclease-containing protein complex that excises a segment of damaged DNA during excision repair.

Excision repair - DNA repair processes that involve the removal of a damaged or incorrect segment of DNA and its replacement by the synthesis of a new strand using the complementary strand of DNA as template.

Extension - single-stranded DNA region consisting of one or more nucleotides at the end of a strand of duplex DNA. a.k.a. protruding end; sticky end; overhang; cohesive end.

Extinction - the irreversible condition of a species or other group of organisms of having no living representatives in the wild, which follows the death of the last surviving individual of that species or group. Extinction may occur on a local or global level; it can result from various human activities, including the destruction of habitats or the overexploitation of species that are hunted or harvested as a resource.

Extrachromosomal - things that are not part of the chromosomes; DNA units in the cytoplasm that control cytoplasmic inheritance.
Exude - slowly discharge; leak liquid material (exudate such as tannins or oxidised polyphenols) through pores or cuts, or by diffusion into the medium. In some woody plant species, exudation is associated with a lethal browning of explants.

Extrachromosomes - self-replicative genetic elements separate from main chromosome(s) of a cell. This definition usually excludes viruses, but the division is somewhat arbitrary. In bacteria, plasmids are the principalextrachromosomes; they encode functions which are not essential to the growth and division of the host cell. In eukaryotes, extrachromosomes may be either essential or dispensable.

They may inhabit (i) the nucleus, e.g. extrachromosomal rDNA molecules, yeast 2mm plasmid; (ii) the cytosol, e.g., dsRNA molecules in fungi; or (iii) the cytoplasmic organelles, e.g., mitochondrial DNA, chloroplast DNA. Eukaryotic extrachromosomal elements may be recognised genetically by their failure to show segregation at meiosis.

 

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