Simple Permanent Tissue,Parenchyma,Collenchyma,Sclerenchyma,Chlorenchyma,Aerenchyma,Epiblema,Circular or polygonal, Chloroplasts to perform Photosynthesis

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Simple Permanent Tissue
These are of three types
(a) Parenchyma,
(b) Collenchyma,
(c) Sclerenchyma.

Parenchyma Cells Thin Walled Parenchyma

Parenchyma Cells - Cell Showing Primary Wall Thickenings

(a) Parenchyma
It is the fundamental tissue composed of thin walled, isodiametric, cellulosic living cells. Small intercellular spaces are present between the cells. It occurs in all soft parts of plants and is meant for storage of food and to provide turgidity to softer parts of plants. Certain parenchymatous tissue contain chloroplast and synthesize food ¾ Chlorenchyma. In aquatic plants parenchymatous cells are stellate and have air cavities between them to store air, such a tissue is called Aerenchyma. The outermost protective layer of plants is made up of specially modified parenchyma ¾ Epidermis. These cells are without intercellular spaces.

At some places it possess stomata for gaseous exchange and bear multicellular hair on stem and leaves. The epidermis of root (Epiblema) bear unicellular hairs for unicellular hairs for asorbing water and minerals.

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Aerenchyma From a Transection of Petiole of Zantedeschia	Aerenchyma From a Lacunae in a Leaf of Canna	Spongy Parenchyma
Chlorenchyma Palisade Parenchyma in Transection	A Parenchyma Cell Showing Plasmodesmata in Primary Pit Fields A. Middle Lamella B. Primary Wall C. Intercellular Space D. Plasmodesmata in Primary Pit Fields	Thick Walled Parenchyma Cells From the Pith of Clematics Virginiana
Storage Parenchyma From the Endosperm of Rye

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(b) Collenchyma
This tissue is composed of some what elongated cells with angular thickenings due to deposition of cellulose or pectin. They may be oval, circular or polygonal. It occurs in hypodermis of stem and petiole and around veins. It occurs in hypodermis of stem and petiole and around veins. This tissue provides mechanical support and in some cases it may possess chloroplasts to perform Photosynthesis.

Collenchyma in Transverse Section Showing Wall Thickenings

1. Cell Wall
2. Wall Thickenings
3. Protoplasm
4. Vacuole

Collenchyma - Lamellar in Transverse Section	Collenchyma - Lacunar in Transverse Section
Collenchyma - Angular in Transverse	Collenchyma - Angular Longitudinal Sections Respectively

[A. lamellar, in transverse section. B. lacuanr, in transverse section. C-D. angular in transverse and longitudinal sections respectively.]

(c) Sclerenchyma
It is a tissue of dead and thick walled cells, having no intercellular spaces. The thickenings are of cellulose or lignin or both. Several unlignified areas, pits often develop on walls. It is the chief mechanical tissue in plants and is able to bear push, pull, strain and shearing forces. They are of two types:

Sclerenchyma in Transverse

Sclerenchyma - LongitudinaL Plane

(i) Sclerenchyma fibres
These are narrow, elongated, spindle shaped, thick walled cells having pointed ends. They usually occur as patches in pericycle of dicotstem and within xylem and phloem. These are source of natural fibres like jute, coir, hemp, Lenin etc.



Types of Sclereids

[A. brachysclereids (stone cells). B. astrosclereids. C-D macrosclereids. E. osteosclereid. F. trichosclerid.]




Types of Fibres

[A librifrom fibre. B. fibre-tracheid. C. septate fibertracheid. D-E. gelatinous (mucilaginous) fibre in longitudinal plane and in transection respectively.]

(ii) Sclereids or stone cells
They are short highly thick walled sclerenchymatous cells. They are extremely lignified and have simple pit canals. They occur in hard covering of seeds, shell of nuts, endocarb of stony fruits, bark and pith of certain plants. They provide stiffness to part where they occur.

Sclereids Showing Pits in Surface and Side View

Sclereids Showing Pits in Surface and Side View
1. Pits in Side View
2. Pits in Surface View
3. Cell Wall
4. Cell Lumen

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Anatomy of Flowering Plants Tissue and Meristematic Tissue Classification of Meristematic Tissue Apical Meristems of Stem and Root Permanent Tissue Simple Permanent Tissue Complex Tissues - Xylem Types of Xylum Complex Tissues - Phloem Classification of Permanent Tissue on Basis of Their Functions Types of Vascular Bundles Anatomy of Monocot Stem - Maize, Primary Structure of Stem Anatomy of Dicotyledonous Stem - Sunflower Stem Secondary Growth in Dicot System Origin and Activity of Cambium Origin and Activity of Cork Cambium Heart Wood and Sap Wood Primary Structure of Monocot Root Primary Structure of Dicot Root Secondary Growth in Dicot Roots Origin and Activity of Vascular Cambium Origin and Activity of Cork Cambiums Internal Structure of Dicot Leaf Internal Structure of Xerophytic Leaf Internal Structure of Monocot Leaf - Isobilateral Leaf