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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> Multiforked Chromosome - Mutation Frequency Allele Frequency
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Multifactorial
Caused by many factors. For example, a genetic disorder such as cancer that is produced by a number of genes as well as environmental factors.
Multifactorial disorders
Diseases that result from an interaction of multiple genes and multiple environmental factors as in diabetes mellitus.
Multiforked chromosome
A bacterial chromosome that has more than one replication fork. this is because a second initiation occurs before the first cycle of replication has been completed.
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Multigene family
A set of genes that arise by duplication of an ancestral gene, followed by independent mutational events that result in a series of independent genes either found clustered together on a chromosome or dispersed throughout the genome.
Multigenic
Controlled by several genes.
MultilDent
A multifunctional tool that uses pl, molecular weight, mass fingerprints and other data to identify proteins.
Multilocus probe
A DNA probe that is used for the identification of several bands in a DNA fingerprint, generating a bar code pattern in a genetic fingerprint.
Multimeric protein
A protein that contains more than one peptide chain (subunit).
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Multinucleate
The presence of more than one nucleus in the same cytoplasm.
Multipass transmembrane protein
A membrane protein in which the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane bilayer more than once.
Multiple alleles
The existence of more than two alleles at a locus in a population.
Multiple (sequence) alignment
A Multiple alignment of k sequence is a rectangular array, that is comprised of characters taken from the alphabet A. It satisfies the following conditions: There are exactly k rows; ignoring the gap character, row number /is exactly the sequences; and each column contains at least one character different from “-“. In practice, Multiple sequence alignments include a cost/weight function defining the penalty for the insertion of gaps (the “-“ character) and weights identities and conservative substitutions accordingly. Multiple alignment algorithms help in creating the optimal alignment with the lowest cost/weight score.
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Multiple cloning site (MCS)
A synthetic DNA sequence containing recognition sites for several restriction enzymes that is incorporated into a cloning vector.
Multiple drop array (MDA)
See microdroplet array.
Multiple myeloma (myelomatosis)
A condition in which there is disseminated malignant proliferation of plasma cells that mostly secrete lgG. The tumour produces Bence Jones Protein, low molecular weight L chains or their fragments that are rapidly cleared from circulation and appear in urine. The incidence of Multiple myeloma increases after 50 years of age. Clinical features include bone pain due to pressure from the proliferating cells, generalised osteoporosis and pathological fractures. Plasma alkaline phosphate is however, normal and there is an increase in plasma lgG and b2-microglobulin. Plasma urea, uric acid and creatinine are also increased.
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Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
A technology by which a female that normally produces only one or two offspring can produce a large number of offspring. This involves superovulation of a female, natural mating or artificial insemination; collection of fertilised ova and transfer of the fertilised ova to recipient females.
Multiple sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder, in which the myelin sheaths of nerves in the brain and spinal cord are damaged, resulting in progressive neurological symptoms.
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Multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH)
An in situ hybridization technique in which digital images acquired using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera are analysed by a software package.
Multiplex sequencing
An approach to high-throughput sequencing that uses several pooled DNA samples run through gels simultaneously which are subsequently separated and analysed.
Multiplexing
A sequencing approach that uses several pooled samples simultaneously thereby increasing the speed of sequencing.
Multipotent
A cell that can give rise to a range of differentiated cells.
Multipotent stem cells
Specialised stem cells committed to give rise to cells that have a particular function such as myoblasts, myeloid progenitor cells and skin stem cells.
Multivalent vaccine
A single vaccine capable of eliciting an immune response either to more than one infectious agent or to several different epitopes of a molecule.
MUMmer
A programme for pair-wise genome comparison.
Mung bean nuclease
An enzyme that breaks down single-stranded DNA into single nucleotides and short oligonucleotides with 5’-phosphate groups.
Muramic acid
A novel amino sugar found in peptidoglycan cell wall as the N-acetyl derivative.
Murine
Of or pertaining to the genus Mus that includes mice, rats and other rodents.
Murine leukaemia virus (MuLV)
A retrovirus that carries the abl oncogene and causes leukaemia in mice
Murine sarcoma virus
Also termed the Moloney sarcoma virus. A retrovirus that carries the mos oncogene.
Mutable genes
Genes that have an unusually high mutation rate.
Mutagen
An agent or process that is capable of inducing a mutation, such as UV light or some chemicals.
Mutagenesis
A process that results in change in the genetic constitution brought about by alterations to DNA by physical or chemical agents.
Mutagenesis in vitro
Mutagenesis of cells in culture as opposed to mutagenesis in an intact organism.
Mutagenesis, site-directed
A technique for introducing site-specific changes in base sequence of DNA by replacing a portion with a synthetic oligonucleotide.
Mutant
An organism that differs from the wild type because it has one or more genetic alterations in its DNA. A mutant may carry mutated gene(s), chromosome(s) or genome(s). Also called a variant.
Mutant complementation
See genetic complementation.
Mutarotation A change in the optical rotation of a sugar that occurs immediately after dissolving the sugar in an aqueous solution. This is due to the slow approach to equilibrium of a pyranose or a Furanose in its a and b forms.
Mutases
Enzymes that catalyse the transposition of functional groups.
Mutation
(L. mutare, to change). A change in one or more nucleotide pairs in DNA. This may be a deletion, isertion or base modification. Also refers to a change in the structure or number of chromosome.
Mutation frequency (allele frequency)
The number of individuals in a population carrying a specific mutant allele.
Mutation load (genetic load)
The effect of a deleterious allele on a population.
Mutation pressure
A constant mutation rate that adds mutant genes to a population; repeated occurrences of mutations in a population.
Mutation rate
The rate at which a mutation occurs. This is given as the number
of events per gene per generation.
Mutation site
The position of a mutation in the genome.
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