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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> Molecular Modelling Database - Monogenic Disorders
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Molecular mimicry
Molecular similarities between foreign and self antigen that may result in autoimmunity.
Molecular modelling
The use of computers to generate realistic models of molecules and to predict the 3-dimensional shape of a molecule from sequence data of previously identified molecular shapes. It forms the core of structure-based drug design (SBDD)
Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB)
Entrez’s structural database that provides information on sequence and structure neighbours, links between scientific literature, 3D structures and sequence and structure visualisation.
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Molecular paleontology
The study of fossils and past events using molecular techniques.
Molecular pharming (farming)
The development of transgenic animals to produce therapeutic proteins for human use.
Molecular phenotyping
The process of determining specific nucleic acids
sequence inside a cell.
Molecular profiling (MP)
An approach that generates a global view of mRNA, protein patterns, and DNA alterations in various cell types and disease processes. MP integrates the expanding genetic databases from the Human Genome Project with newly developed expression analysis technologies. It is useful to understand the molecular anatomy of normal cells and cells in various stages of disease and develop new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for clinical intervention.
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Molecular sieve chromatography
Also known as gel filtration or molecular exclusion chromatography. A chromatographic technique that separates solutes based on their molecular size. A mixture or proteins dissolved in a suitable buffer is passed through a column of polymeric material previously equilibrated with the buffer. Proteins of different molecular size penetrate into the internal pores of the beads to different degrees. Very large protein molecules cannot enter the pores of the beads and will remain in the excluded volume, whereas small proteins enter the pores. Proteins of intermediate size will be excluded depending on their size.
Molecular sieving
A property of a supporting medium (gel) that helps to separate large ionic compounds such as proteins which differ not only in electrophoretic mobility but also in size and shape. Agar, starch and acrylamide gels hinder the movement of large molecules with decrease in the pore size.
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Molecular weight
The relative molecular mass of a molecule expressed in daltons. For example, a protein of molecular mass 10,000 has a molecules weight 10,000 daltons.
Molecularity of a reaction
The number of molecules involved in a particular step in a reaction.
Molecule
A unit of matter, the smallest part of an element or a compound that retains chemical identity with the substance in mass. A molecule generally consists of two or more atoms. Some organic molecules contain a very large number of atoms.
Molt
Shedding of the exoskeleton (outer covering) of arthropods during maturation to accommodate the increase in size.
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Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
A mitochondrial enzyme that catalyses oxidation reactions. It is found bound to the outer mitochondrial membrane. High concentrations of MAO are present in the liver, stomach, intestine and kidney. Two isoenzymes of MAO have been identified. MAO-A, present in neural tissue deaminates serotonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine, whereas MAO-B is found in extraneural tissues and acts primarily on 2-phenylethylamine and benzylamine. Inhibitors of MAO are useful as antihypertensive agents and antidepressants.
Monocentric
A chromosome with a single centromere.
Monochromatic light
Refers to light containing rays of similar wavelength.
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Monochromators
Wavelength selectors that resolve polychromatic light into its individual wavelengths and isolate them to very narrow bands. The components of a monochromator include 1. an entrance slit for the polychromatic light, 2. collimating devices such as a lens or a mirror to collimate polychromatic light on to the dispersion device, 3. wavelength resolving device such as a prism or a diffraction grating to break the radiation into component wavelengths, 4. focussing lens or mirror, and 5. exit slit for the monochromator beam.
Mono chromosomal hybrids
Hybrids containing a single human chromosome. These can be generated by fusing human microcells to normal rodent cells enabling unambiguous localisation of human DNA using a panel of 24 cell lines.
Monocistronic
An mRNA molecule that encodes a single polypeptide.
Monoclonal
Derived from a single clone or cell.
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)
A single type of antibody directed against a specific antigenic determinant (epitope) that is produced by a single hybridoma cell line formed by the fusion of a lymphocyte cell with a myeloma cell.
Monocotyledon
A class of plants containing a single seed leaf. Also termed monocot.
Monocytes
A white blood cell that leaves the bloodstream and matures into a macrophage in tissues.
Monod, Jacques
(1910-1976) A French scientist who was awarded the 1965 Noble Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with Andre Lwoff and Francois Jacob. Jacob and Monod proposed the operon hypothesis to explain regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes based on their research on the lactose operon.
Monod, Wyman and Changeaux (MWC) model
The symmetry model or the concerted model proposed by Monod, Wyman and Changeaux that relates conformational transitions to allosteric activation or inhibition.
Monogastric animals
Animals with simple stomachs that do not ruminate.
Monogenic
A trait produced by a single gene.
Monogenic disorders
Disorders that arise from defects in a single gene. The abnormality may involve a protein product, which is most often, an enzyme. Sometimes, the defect may affect receptors, transport or structural proteins, a peptide hormone, an immunoglobulin, or a coagulation factor. Monogenic disorders are categorised into autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked types.
Monohybrid
The offspring of two homozygous parents that differ from each other by the alleles present at a single locus.
Monohybrid cross
A cross between parents differing in only trait or in which only one trait is being taken into consideration.
Monoiodotyrosine (Mit)
The product formed by reaction of oxidised iodide with tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin in a reaction termed organification catalysed by thyroperoxidase. The coupling of MIT to DIT forms T3
3-Monoiodotyrosine (MIT)
Monokines
Soluble substances secreted by monocytes that have a variety of effects on other cells.
Monolayer
1. A single layer of oriented lipid molecules. 2. The growth of eukaryotic cells in culture as a single layer.
Monomer
A single unit that makes up a polymer. For example, amino acids are the monomers for proteins.
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- Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biotechnology, Biochemistry Part 4
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- Part 6
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