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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> M Phase Factor - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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M-Cdk
See M-phase Cdk.
M cell
a specialised antigen-collecting cell in the intestinal mucosal epithelium.
M-cyclin
A cyclin present in eukaryotic cells that promotes all the events in mitosis.
M phase
Mitotic phase. That period of the cell cycle when mitosis occurs. It comprises five stages: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
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M-phase Cdk (M-Cdk)
A complex of M-cyclin and the corresponding cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) formed in vertebrate cells.
M phase promoting factor (MPF)
A protein isolated from the eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis that forces cells at any stage in the cell cycle into mitosis.
M protein
A monoclonal protein deteched as a sharp peak on serum electrophoresis.
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MIIC vesicle
Cytoplasmic vesicle in antigen-presenting cells where class ll MHC binds processed oxogenous antigen.
M13
A filamentous single-stranded DNA phage of E.coli. It is useful as a cloning vector and for DNA sequencing.
M13+ strand
The single-stranded DNA molecule present in the infective form of the bacteriophage M13.
mAb
See monoclonal antibody.
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Mac-1
Surface marker on macrophages.
Macerate
To disintegrate tissues in order to achieve cell dissociation. Cutting, soaking or enzymatic actions are commonly used for this purpose.
Machine code
Binary code interpreted by a computer’s processor.
Macroamylasaemia
An increase in plasma amylase with decreased urinary excretion despite normal glomerular function. This may be due to the formation of a complex between amylase and some high molecular weight protein such as lgA, or lgG that is not filtered by the glomeruli.
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Macro AST
A type of AST which has greater half life than normal plasma AST because the enzyme protein is bound to an immunoglobin, usually lgG. The increase in plasma AST activity in chronic active hepatitis, acute hepatitis and liver malignancy has been attributed to macro AST.
Macro CK
The macromolecular form of creatine kinase. CK may be found in up to 6 per cent of hospitalized patients in the macromolecular form-macro CK types 1 and 2. Type 1, generally a complex of CK-BB with lgG, is associated with gastrointestinal, myocardial and vascular diseases as well as other life-threatning conditions. It has an electrophoretic mobility close to CK-MB and can cause a false positive diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Type 2 CK, which is mitochondrial, is found is severely ill patients with malignancies or liver disease and in children with myocardial diseases. Because both the macro CK types are heat stable, they can be differentiated from the CK isoenzymes.
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Macroarray
A large set of DNA molecules immobilised as spots on a membrance. It is used for comparative analysis and differential studies of genomes and transcriptomes.
Macrocytic anaemia
A condition characterised by presence of larger than normal red blood cells and low red blood cell count.
α2-macroglobulin (AMG)
A high molecular weight protein containing four identical polypeptide chains present as a pair of dimer subunits. It is an inhibitor of proteases with a broad spectrum of activity and inhibits serine, cysteine, aspartate and metalloproteases. It is synthesised by the hepatic parenchymal cells. AMG inhibits enzymes in the coagulation, fibrinolytic and complement pathways. It is involved in the transport of peptides such as insulin and growth hormone, and divalent cations such as zinc and plays a role in immunological and inflammatory reactions. Low plasma levels of AGM are seen in acute phase response, pancreatitis, and in advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Plasma levels are high in women relative to men, in infants and children and in nephritic syndrome.
Macrolides
Antibiotics with large aliphatic ring structure with many hydroxyl and keto groups. Erythromycin is a member of this group of antibiotics.
Macromolecule
A molecule with molecular weight ranging from a few thousands to many millions such as proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides.
Macromutation
A mutation that occurs at a single site but affects many consecutive nucleotide residues.
Macronutrient
An essential nutrient that is normally required in concentrations greater than 0.5 millimole/L.
Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)
A natural hormone that stimulates the production of white blood cells, particularly monocytes, which are precursors of macrophages.
Macrophage-activating factor (MAF)
Factors such as lymphokines released by activated T cells that induce activation of macrophages, making them more efficient in phagocytosis and cytotoxicity.
Macrophages
Large, white blood cells that destroy foreign substances. They display on their surfaces antigens produced from the foreign substances that are recognised by other cells of the immune system.
Macroporous gels
A chromatography matrix made up of cellulose of agarose used in ion-exchange or affinity chromatography or size fractionation of large proteins or viruses.
Macropropagation Production of plant clones from growing parts.
Macrorestriction map
A map showing the order of and distance between sites at which restriction enzymes cleave chromosomes.
MACs Mammalian artificial chromosomes. High-capacity cloning vectors used to clone very large fragments of DNA. These contain an origin of replication, telomeres and other genetic elements.
MAdCAM-1
Adhesion molecule on mucosal cells that binds L-selectin and VLA-4.
MAGE
A tumor antigen found on melanoma cells as well as normal cells in the testis.
Magic spot nucleotides
Nucleotides with two or more phosphate groups on both the 32 and 52 carbon atoms that accumulate in bacteria during the stringent response.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A special imaging technique that uses a powerful magnet and computer to provide clear images of soft tissues such as the brain and spin cord, abdomen and joints.
Main band A broad peak displayed by genomic DNA after density gradient centrifugation.
Maintenance methylases
Enzymes that add methyl groups to DNA that is already methylated on one strand.
Major histocompatibility antigen
A cell-surface macromolecule that enables the immune system to distinguish foreign or “nonself” from “self”. These antigens should be matched between donors and recipients during organ and tissue transplants to prevent rejection.
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