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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> Inculsion Bodies - Inflammatory Response
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Inbred line
The product of inbreeding that arises by the mating of individuals who have common ancestors. In plants and laboratory animals, it refers to populations that result from at least 6 generations of selfing or 20 generations of brother-sister matings. The offspring are completely homozygous. In farm animals, the term is used to refer to populations that have resulted from several generations of the mating of close relatives, without having reached complete homozygosity.
Inbred mice
Mice that are the progeny of brother-sister matings for many generations, and are therefore homozygous for most genes. These syngeneic mice will accept skin and organ grafts from each other.
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Inbreeding
Matings between individuals that have one or more ancestors in common. This also includes self-fertilisation that occurs in many plants and some primitive animals.
Inclusion bodies
1. Clumps of material accumulated in the nucleus or cytoplasm of cells infected by a virus. These contain virion proteins. 2. A protein ovedrporduced in recombinant bacteria that forms a crystalline array inside the bacterial cell.
Incompatibility group
A classification that indicates which plasmids can coexist within a single cell. Only plasmids that belong to different incompatibility groups can coexist within the same cell whereas plasmids belonging to the same group are unstable. A plasmid cloning vector should belong to an incompatibility group different from that of the endogenous plasmids in the host bacterium.
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Incomplete dominance
A form of gene action in which heterozygotes possess a phenotype that is distinctly different from, and intermediate to, the homozygous phenotypes. See heterozygote; phenotype.
Incomplete penetrance
When some individuals in a population have a particular genotype that causes an abnormality but are not affected.
Incontinence
Inability to control the evacuation of urine or faeces.
Incubation
1. The hatching of eggs by natural or artificial heat. 2. The period between infection and appearance of symptoms induced by parasitic organisms. 3. The culture of cells and organisms.
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Incubation period
The time interval between infection and appearance of disease. This varies in different diseases. For example, the incubation period for cholera in 1-3 days, smallpox 12 days, chicken pox 14-16 days, and rabies 2-6 weeks up to 1 year.
Incubator
An instrument in which environmental conditions (light, temperature, humidity, etc.) are fully controlled. This is used for hatching eggs, growing
microorganisms, culturing various organisms and carrying out reactions.
Indel
Insertion/deletion. When comparing two genome sequences, indicates that there has been insertion in one or a deletion in the other.
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Independent assortment
The random distribution of alleles from different loci to the gametes. This occurs when genes are located in different chromosomes or are far apart on large chromosomes. See linkage.
Indexed flat files (IFFs)
Partially structured databases, that may include a thesaurus (adding the ability to search synonyms) or other basic search tools. IFFs allow users to interactively navigate among entries in several different databases by means of hypertext links but do not allow true database integration. This may generate many incorrect matches to queries.
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Indirect embryogenesis
Formation of embryo on callus tissues derived from zygotic or somatic embryos, seeding plant or other tissues in culture.
Indirect end labeling
A method for analysing DNA organisation by cleavage at a specific site and isolation of all the fragments containing the sequence adjacent to one side of the cut. This measures the distance from the cut to the next break(s) in DNA.
Indirect organogenesis Formation of organs on callus tissues derived from explants.
Individualised medicine
Another term for pharmacogenomics.
Indole
The side chain group of the amino acid tryptophan.
Induced fit
1. A change of enzyme conformation on binding a substrate that renders the enzyme catalytically active. 2. Changes in the conformation of a macromolecule in response to ligand binding in such a way that the binding site of the macromolecule conforms to the shape of the ligand. 3. The process of mutual, complementary adjustment that may take place when a protein docks with another molecule.
Induced mutations
Mutations that result from the action of a mutagen.
Inducer
Small molecule that stimulates transcription by interacting with a repressor protein and preventing it from blocking transcription.
Inducible enzyme
An enzyme that is synthesised only in the presence of the substrate that functions as in inducer.
Inducible gene
A gene that is expressed only in the presence of a specific metabolite (the inducer).
Induction
1. Stimulating transcription. 2. The ability to synthesise enzymes only when their substrates are present. 3. Treatment of a lysogenic bacterium that results in a bacteriophage entering the lytic cycle.
Induction media
1. Media that is used to stimulate the formation of organs and other structures. 2. Media that causes variation or mutation in the tissues exposed to it.
Industrial waste
A major economic and environmental issue in the industrial world that can be a major source of pollution. There are two categories of industrial waste-high carbon wastes and specific pollutants such as lignin from wood and heavy metals from various industries. There are two approaches to cleaning up industrial waste-integral waste management that aims to minimise waste production at all stages of the waste process and end-of-pipe solutions that aims to minimise waste when it leaves the plant.
Inembryonation
See artifical inembryonation.
Inert
A support structure that does not make any chemical contribution, and whose only function is support. Physiologically, it is a neutral or immobile unit.
Infarct
A localized area of ischaemic necrosis resulting from obstruction of blood supply or venous drainage.
Infection
The invasion of living organisms by disease-causing organisms that establish, themselves, multiply, and produce various clinical symptoms in the host.
Infectious agents
virus, bacterium or parasite of causing a disease in plants or animals.
Inflammation
Redness, swelling and pain due to reaction to injury or infection of tissue. Inflammation results in movement of blood and leukocytes into the injured area.
Inflammatory response
The local response of a tissue to injury or infections. it is characterised by redness, swelling and pain. This response is caused by the invasion of white blood cells, which release local mediators such as histamine.
Informatics
The application of statistical and computational techniques in the management of information. Bioinformatics used in genome projects includes methods to search databases, analyse DNA sequences and predict protein sequence and structure from DNA sequence date.
Information system
An organised combination of hardware, software, communication network and data resources that collects, transforms and disseminates information in an organisation.
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