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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> Genomic Library - Gibbs Donnan Effect
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Genomic DNA
DNA that constitutes the genome of a cell or a organism. It includes coding sequences containing both introns and exons as well as non-coding regulatory sequences such as promoters, and enhances. The term is often used to differentiate from cDNA synthesised by reverse transcription from mRNA. DNA fragments cloned directly from chromosomal DNA represent genomic DNA clones and a collection of such clones from a given genome is termed a genomic DNA library.
Genomic library
A collection of recombinant molecules representing the complete DNA sequence of a given organism. Any gene of interest can be isolated from this library.
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The following steps are involved in constructing a genomic library; 1. Extraction of the total DNA from the organism, Generally, embryos or sperm cells are used. 2. Partial digestion of the donor DNA with a restriction enzyme which yields sticky ends. The same restriction enzyme is also used to cut the bacteriophage λ vector. 3. Annealing of the genomic and vector DNA. This occurs due to complementarity and the ends are sealed by DNA ligase. 4. Packaging of the recombinant DNA molecules into phage heads followed by infection of host cells 5. The viral DNA obtained from the lysates will contain most of the genes present in the donor organism.
Construction of a Genomic Library
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Genomic profiling
Refers to testing for genotypes at multiple loci for susceptibility to common diseases and the subsequent targeting of behavioral and medical interventions.
Genomics
Computer analysis of DNA sequences from different organisms to understand structure-function relationships and to understand evolutionary relationships between species.
Genotype
1. The genetic constitution of an organism. This is distinct from phenotype. 2. The pair of allele at a particular locus, e.g., Tt or tt. 3. The sum total of all pairs of alleles at all loci that contribute to the expression of a quantitative trait.
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Geometric isomers
Isomers that are related by rotation about a double band. Also called cis and trans isomers.
Gapasi
A biochemical kinetics simulator for windows/NT that can model systems of up to 45 metabolites and 45 rate equations.
Germ
1. In botany, a common name for a plant embryo. 2. A disease-causing microorganism.
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Germ cell
A cell in the germ line that produces gametes. In mammals, germ cells are present in the germinal epithelium of the ovaries and testes.
Germ layers; primary layers
The layers of cells in an animal embryo at the gastrula stage. The various organs of the animal are derived from this stage.
Germ line
Reproductive cells that produce eggs and sperms.
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Gentamicin
(gentamicin) An aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Actinomycetes active against Gram-positive cocci-type bacteria.
Genus
(pl: genera) An arbitrary group of closely related species. The relationship between the species is based on physical resemblance.
GEO
Genetically engineered organism. See GMO.
Genomic imprinting
Refers to a state where a gene expressed or not expresses in the embryo based on which parent it is inherited from.
Germ line gene therapy
The delivery of functional gene (s) into a fertilised egg or an early embryonic cell. The transferred gene(s) will be present in all or some of the nuclei of the cell in the adult organism, including the reproductive cells, and will alter phenotype of the individual.
Germicide
A physical or chemical agent that destroys microorganism that cause disease.
Germinal centres
A region of the lymph node containing a mass of rapidly dividing B cells. See B lymphocytes.
Germinal epithelium
1. A layer of epithelial cells present on the surface of the ovary that is continuous with the mesothelium. 2. The layer of epithelial cells that lines the seminiferous tubules of the testis, which forms the spermatogonia. See spermatogenesis.
Germination
The growth of a plant from a spore or a seed.
Germplasm
1. The genetic material that forms the physical basis of heredity and is transmitted from one generation to the next by germ cells. 2. An individual or clone that represents a type, species or culture, and which may be kept in a a repository for agronomic, historic or other purposes.
Gestation
The period from fertilisation of the egg birth (parturition) in mammals that bear live young.
Gastational diabetes
See diabetes mellitus, type 4.
GFP
See green fluorescent protein.
GH
See growth hormone.
Ghost cells
A cell such as bacterial or red blood cell that lacks most of its internal contents due to lysis and resealing of the cell membrane. These cells fuse with other cells and are therefore used to package and deliver drugs to other cell targets.
Gl (GenBank) GenInfo Identifier
A sequence identifier assigned to a nucleotide sequence or protein translation. Each Gl is a numeric value of one or more digits. The protein translation and the nucleotide sequence contained in the same record will be assigned different Gl numbers.
Gi
See inhibitory G protein
Gibberellins
Plant growth regulators which play a role in elongation, enhancement of flower, fruit and leaf size, germination, Vernalisation and other processes.
Gibbs free energy
The energy that is released or used by a chemical reaction. The total Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is given by the formula ΔG = ΔH – t ΔS where ΔH is the energy released (or used) during breakage (or formation) of a chemical bond, ΔS is the change in entropy and t is the temperature at which the reaction occurs.
Gibbs-Donnan effect
The observation that charged molecules on one end of a semipermeable membrane are not equally distributed on both sides of the membrane. This is due to the fact that other charged substances cannot diffuse across the membrane to produce an electric field that influences the migration of charged molecules.
Gigabecquerel (SI unit, GBq)
109 Bq or 27.027 mci
Gigantism
Growth hormone excess in children. It occurs in childhood before fusion of the epiphyseal plates. The affected individuals may reach heights of 7-9 feet accompanied by postural defects. Death occurs in early adulthood from infection cardiac failure or pituitary tumour.
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