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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> FRET-Fluorescence Resonant Energy Transfer, Fusion Biopharmaceuticals
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Frei test A diagnostic test for diseases caused by infectious microbes that is based on the appearance of a skin reaction when a killed preparation of the causative microorganisms is injected subcutaneously.
French pressure cell A device for lysing bacteria by using hydrostatic pressure.
Frequency distribution A graph that shows either the relative or absolute incidence of classes I a population. These classes may be defined by either a discrete or a continuous variable.
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FRET Fluorescence resonant energy transfer. A fluorescence technique that provides information about when two molecules are near each other. This is done in two stages: a fluorescent molecule absorbs UV light and then loses the energy as light of longer wavelength, which loses the energy as heat or light. If it is transferred in the form of heat, the fluorescence is said to be ‘quenched’, and if it is gives out light, the fluorescence is ‘transferred’. The two molecules should be within few nanometers apart or the transfer to occur.
Freund’s adjuvant A emulsion containing water, oil and dead mycobacteria which enhances the immune response when mixed with an immunogen.
Froin’s syndrome The term given to the yellow fluid drawn from below a spinal block CSF circulation can increase the protein content of CSF
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Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase A key regulatory enzyme in gluconeogenesis that catalyses the hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate.
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate An intermediate formed from fructose 6- phosphate in the glycolytic pathway that is hydrolysed to generate dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate.
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate A regulator of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis that signals high glucose levels. It stimulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis that signals high glucose levels. It stimulates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis
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Fructosuria Excretion of fructose in urine. Fructosuria occurs after ingestion of fructose-rich foods such as fruits, honey, jams, etc. It is also found in liver disease. Essential fructose intolerance, there is deficiency of fructose-1-phosphate aldolase.
FSH See follicle stimulating hormone.
FTP Acronym for file transfer protocol. A method of transferring files one computer o another. It may have unrestricted access (requiring user name and password).
Ftz mutation A mutation due to which there is a failure in producing the seven embryonic parasegments which appear at the blastoderm stage in the developing fruit fly (drosophila melanogaster). These mutations help identify the pair-rule class of genes.
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Functional bioinformatics An emerging subfield of bioinformatics concerned with ontologies and algorithms for computing with biological function.
Functional complementation The identification of genes from one organism based on their ability to counteract the defect caused by the lack of a gene in another organism.
Functional enzymes Enzymes that are present in high concentration in blood and perform a physiological function in circulation such as lipoprotein lipase and the enzymes of blood coagulation
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Fructosamine A group of circulating proteins that are irreversibly bound to glucose.
Fructose A monosaccharide found in large amounts in honey and fruits.
Fucosidosis A lipid storage disease that occurs due to a deficiency of α-fucosidase, which results in the accumulation of glycolipids, glycopeptides and oligosaccharides.
Fumarase The enzyme that catalyses he conversion of fumarate to malate in the Krebs citric acid cycle.
Frequency polygon The curve representing a frequency distribution obtained when the midpoint of each rectangle in the histogram is joined by a straight line
Functional foods foods that contain compounds with beneficial health effects beyond those provided by the basic nutrients, minerals and vitamins. Also termed nutraceuticals.
Functional gene cloning See candidate gene strategy.
Functional genomics The use of genomic information to delineate protein structure, function, pathways and network. Function may be determined by “knocking out” or “knocking in” expressed genes in model organisms such as C. elegans, Drosophila, S.cerevisiae or mouse. Functional genomics aims to discover the biological function of particular genes and to uncover how gene their products work together in health and disease using molecular genetic and other biological approaches.
Functional group The specific atom or group responsible for a particular chemical property of a biomolecule.
Functional proteomics Relating function to gene expression and protein-protein interactions.
Functionomics A synonym for functional genomics.
Functome The whole set of functional entities in a cell, tissue, organ, organism, and species. The term is usually used in the context of enzyme functions but also encompasses other aspects of biological functions.
Functomics The study of the functional entities in biological cells that encompasses enzymes, cell, and higher level of biological entities and functions.
Fungicide A agent that kills fungi.
Fungistat An agent that inhibits the growth and reproduction of fungi.
Fungus (pl. fungi). A kingdom of eukaryotes that includes yeasts, molds and mushrooms. Fungi cause plant and animal diseases.
Fura-2 A dye that fluoresces in presence of calcium and is used to observe and quantitate the transport of calcium I and out of the cytosol.
Furanose A sugar containing a five-membered ring that results from intramolecular hemiacetals formation.
Furfural A chemical agent used as an industrial solvent and as a raw material for synthetic resin. Also called furfuraldehyde.
Fushi tarazu (ftz) gene A gene in the pair-rules locus of Drosophila melanogaster.
Fusidic acid An antibiotic that functions by blocking translocation step in protein biosynthesis. The mechanism involves blocking the release of the elongation factor EF-GDP complex.
Fusion The joining of two distinct cells or macromolecules into a single intergrated unit.
Fusion biopharmaceuticals Biopharmaceutical proteins that are produced as a result of synthesis of fusion proteins by rDNA technology. See fusion protein, immunotoxin.
Fusion gene A hybrid gene that is created by joining portions of two different genes or by joining a gene to a different promoter by rDNA technology. See fusion protein, immunotoxin.
Fusion protein 1. A family of proteins involved in membrane fusion. 2. Coding sequences from different genes cloned together and which generate a single polypeptide hybrid sequence after translation. The genetic apparatus reads the two fused gene sequences as a single gene, and produces a fusion protein. Also known as hybrid protein or chimeric protein. Theses proteins are used for a wide range of purposes including addition of and affinity tag to a protein and production of a protein with the combined characteristics of two natural proteins. See affinity tag; fusion biopharmaceuticals.
Fusogenic vesicles Liposomes that contain specialised fusion-inducing molecules in the lipid bilayer. An example is the F protein.
Futile cycle A set of enzyme-catalysed cyclic reaction that causes release of energy be ATP hydrolysis. See Pseudocycle.
Fv antibody A manufactured antibody molecule containing one or more variable regions with no Fc.
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