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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> Established Culture, Ex Vivo Gene Therapy
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Essential nutrient A substance that is required by living organisms for normal growth, development and maintenance.
Essential pentosuria A congenital abnormality in which L-xylulose metabolism by the uronic acid pathway is affected.
EST See expressed sequence tag.
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Established culture 1. An aseptic viable explant. 2. A suspension culture that is subjected to several passages with a constant cell number per unit time.
Ester RC(=O)-OR. A functional group in which an acyl group is attached to an alcohol.
Esterase An enzyme that hydrolyses esters to alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
Estrogen See oestrogen.
Estrus cycle See oestrus cycle.
ET See multiple ovulation and embryo transfer.
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Ethanol Ethyl alcohol. A common solvent. It is also used to disinfest tissues, glassware and working surfaces in tissue culture manipulations. The concentration used is 70% (v/v) for disinfecting and 95% (v/v) when flaming tools. Ethanol is useful for dissolving water-insoluble additions (addendums) to culture media.
Ethephon (2-chloroethyl) phosphoric acid (CIC2PO3H6; f.w. 144.50). Ethephon is spontaneously degraded to form ethylene, which is involved in fruit ripening. Ethephon is a synthetic compound that is used to treat cultured cells or unripened fruit with ethylene.
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Ethereal sulphur The fraction of urinary sulphate that arises from protein metabolism and intestinal putrefaction. Comprises conjugated sulphates such as phenol, cresol, indoxyl and skatoxyl sulphate.
Ethidium bromide A molecule that binds to DNA and exhibits fluorescence when viewed under ultraviolet light. It is used as a stain for DNA.
Ethnogenomics The study of thecharacteristic of genomic polymorphism and genomic diversity of various groups of population: separate communities, ethnoses, and ethnoterritorial communities.
Ethyl (-CH2CH3) A hydrophobic chemical group derived from ethane.
Ethyl alcohol See ethanol.
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Ethylene (C2H4) A gaseous plant growth regulator that regulates various aspects of vegetative growth, fruit ripening and abscission of plant parts.
Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) A chelating compound. It is used in tissue culture to keep nutrients, such as iron, bound in a form that makes them available to the plant but prevents them from precipitating out. It is used in vitro as an anticoagulant because it chelates with divalent calcium ions, which have a vital role in blood coagulation.
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EST walking The generation of full-length contig sequences.
Established cell line A group of cultured eukaryotic cells derived from a single origin and capable of stable, indefinite growth for many generations (immortalized cells)
Ether A molecule that has two carbons linked by an oxygen atom.
Etiology (aetiology) The study of the cause of a disease or condition.
ETL See economic trait locus.
Ets oncogene An oncogene carried by Avian leukaemia virus E26 (v-ets) that causes leukaemia in chickens. The ets proto-oncogene product is a nuclear protein with DNA binding activity that has a role in the activation and proliferation of T cells
Eubacteria A class of prokaryotes also known as true bacteria or simply, bacteria. This class is phylogenetically distinct from archae and eukaryotes.
Eukaryote; eukaryotic See eukaryote.
Euchromatin Genetic material that is stained less intensely by certain dyes during interphase. It is transcriptionally active chromatin and contains different kinds of genes.
Eugenics The application of the principles of genetics for the “improvement” of mankind.
Euglena A primitive single-celled alga that exhibits properties of both plants and animals. It is photosynthetic in presence of light and a motile, food-seeking organism in the absence of light. It is believed to represent ancestral organisms that gave rise to both plants and animals.
Eukaryote (Gr. eu, true + karyon, true nucleus) Any organism that is characterised by the presence of a membrane-bound nucleus. Eukaryotic organisms include fungi, some algae, plants and animals. These organisms also have membrane-bound functional organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts in the cytoplasm of their cells. See prokaryote.
Euploid An organism or cell with a chromosome number that is an exact multiple of the monoploid (n) number. The terms used to identify different levels in an euploid series are diploid, triploid, tetraploid, and so on.
European Molecular Biology Lab (EMBL) A large DNA sequence data compiled from international sources. It is maintained in Heidelberg, Germany, the European equivalent of the GenBank sequence database.
Eusomaty Describes an individual whose cells have the same karyotype.
Eusomy Possessing the correct number of copies of a given chromosome.
Euthyroid hyperthyroxinaemia A state in which free T4 is normal and total T4 is elevated due to increased binding to plasma proteins. This is seen in disorders such as familial dysalbuminaemic hyperthyroxinaemia.
Event A collection of possible outcomes when an experiment is conducted.
Evolution The process by which the present diversity of plant and animal life arose from the earliest organisms. This process is thought to have been continuing for at least 3000 million years.
Evolutionary clock The rate at which mutations accumulate in a given gene.
Ex situ conservation a conservation method that involves the actual removal of germplasm resources (seeds, pollen, sperm, individual organisms) from the original habitat or natural environment. See ex situ conservation.
Ex situ preservation See ex situ conservation.
Ex vitro (L. “from glass”) Organisms removed from tissue culture and transplanted; usually plants to soil or potting mixture.
Ex vivo Outside the living system. Generally used to describe a gene therapy procedure in which manipulations are carried out outside the body and the altered cells are returned to the body.
Ex vivo gene therapy The delivery of a functional gene(s) into isolated somatic cells of an individual in vitro followed by reintroduction into the individual by infusion, injection, or transfusion in order to treat a genetic disorder.
Excinuclease An excision nuclease that catalyses nucleotide excision repair. In prokaryotes, the enzyme hydrolyses the 5th Phosphodiester bond on the 3’ end and the 8th Phosphodiester bond on the 5’ end to generate a fragment of 12-13 nucleotides. In eukaryotes including humans, the enzyme system hydrolyses the 6th Phosphodiester bond on the 3’ side and the 22nd phosphodiester bond on the 5’ side producing a fragment of 27-29 nucleotides.
Excision 1. Release of a phage, episome or other sequences of DNA from the host chromosome. 2. The removal of DNA segment from a chromosome or a cloning vector by natural or in vitro enzymatic action. 3. Cutting out and preparing a tissue or organ for culture. 4. Removing adventitious shoots from callus tissue.
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