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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> Endosomal Processing Pathway, Entrapment Vectors
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Endoreduplication Chromosome reproduction during interphase. Four-chromatid chromosomes (diplochromosomes) can be observed during this phase.
Endophins Short peptides that bind to receptors or neurons in the brain and reduce pain.These are naturally synthesised opiates.
Endosomal processing pathway A pathway for processing phagocytosed or endocytosed (exogenous) antigens for presentation on class II MHC.
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Endosymbiont A symbiotic organism that survives within the body of its symbiotic partner.
Endothelial cells The cell type of blood vessels.
Endothelial growth factors Growth factors released by various tissue under hypoxic conditions. These stimulate formation of blood vessels (angiogenesis) and are characteristic of large tumours. These factors are the targes of cancer therapies.
Endothelium A layer of flattened cells that lines the blood vessels.
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Endothermic reaction A chemical reaction that takes up heat and for which the ΔH is positive.
Endotoxin A component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria that elicits in humans an inflammatory response and fever.
Energy The capacity to do work.
Energy charge The extent to which the AMP-ADP-ATP system is filled with high energy phosphates.
Energy coupling the transfer of energy from one process to another.
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Engrailed gene A class of genes called the segment polarity genes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that is responsible for dividing the segments of Drosophila into anterior and posterior halves.
Enhanceosome A large nucleoprotein complex comprised of transcription factors which bind cooperatively to multiple binding sites in an enhancer with the assistance of DNA-binding proteins.
Enhancer 1. A cis-acting DNA sequence that influences transcription in a positive manner. It can function in either orientation and exert its effect when present downstream or upstream relative to the promoter even when it is located several thousand kilobases from the gene concerned. 2. A substance that increases the chemical activity of a physiological process.
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Endospore A dormant structure formed within cells of certain bacteria during stress that can germinate and give rise to new cells when conditions improve.
Enhancer elements See enhancer.
Enhancing antibodies Antibodies that enhance the survival of a graft or of a tumour.
Enolase A glycolytic enzyme that converts 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. This reaction required Mg2+ or Mn2+ and is inhibited by fluoride. This is the basis for the inhibition of glycolysis by the addition of fluoride.
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Enhancer trap An entrapment vector containing a minimal promoter that responds to endogenous enhancers. see entrapment vector.
Endosome A membrane-bound organelle in animal cells that transports materials ingested by endocytosis to lysosomes for degradation
Enriched medium A supplemented nutrient broth for the culture of cells or microorganisms containing unusual nutrient or abnormally high levels of normal nutrients.such a medium is essential for culturing auxotrophic mutants.
EnsEMBL A collaborative project of EMBL, EBI and the Sanger Centre to automatically track sequenced fragments of the human genome and assemble them into longer stretches.
Entactin (nidogen) A rod-like molecule that crosslinks type IV collagen and laminin. It plays an important role in incorporating different components into the ECM.
Enterobacteriaceae A large group of bacteria inhabiting the intestinal tract.
Enterobacterial repeat internal consensus (ERIC) A class of repetitive sequence in the E.coli genome.
Enterocytes Cells that line the luminal (inner) surface of the intestine.
Enteropeptidase (enterokinase) An enzyme present in the intestinal brush border membrane that converts trypsinogen to trypsin.
Enterotoxin A bacterial protein which when released into the intestine, causes cramps, nausea and diarrhoea.
Enthalpy (H) The heat content of a system.
Enthalpy change (ΔH) The difference between the energy used to break bonds and the energy gained by the formation of new bonds.
Entities A collection of basic objects.
Entity set The set of all entities of the same type.
Entomology The study of insects.
Entrapment vectors Constructs containing a reporter gene which integrate into the genome at random positions and respond to adjacent cis-acting regulatory elements by producing a reporter expression pattern. There are three types of entrapment vector: the enhancer trap, containing a minimal promoter that responds to endogenous enhancers, the gene trap, that carries a splice acceptor site responding to endogenous splice donors after introns insertion, and the promoter trap, containing an initiation codon and activated by insertion into the first exon.
Entrez Online data retrieval tool developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). See DBGET/Link DB, SRS.
Entropy (S) The extent of disorder or randomness in a system.
Enucleated ovum Egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed.
Env gene(s) One of the three genes in the retroviral genome that encodes the envelope proteins.
Envelope Concentric membranes surrounding organelles such as the nucleus or mitochondrion. These membranes consist of a lipid bilayer.
Envirome The total complement of environmental characteristics, conditions, and processes required for life form viability and successful adaptation to understand how the environment shapes genomic expression.
Environment The sum of all the external conditions and influences that affect the life and development of an organism.
Environmental biotechnology A term that covers biotechnological products or processes that are beneficial to the environment. It includes bioremediation, soil amelioration, development of biodegradable plastics, waste disposal, creation of alternative energy sources and addressing global warming issues.
Enzyme (Gr. en, in +zyme, yeast or leaven) A protein or RNA molecule produced by living cells, which catalyses a specific biochemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction. Enzymes are classified into six major classes, based on the type of reaction they catalyse: 1. Oxidoreductases; 2. Transferases; 3. Hydrolases; 4. Lyases; 5. Isomerases; 6. Ligases. The names of most enzymes are generally derived from the substrate on which they act, with the suffic-ase. Thus amylase catalyses the hydrolysis of amylase. See Enzyme Commission Number.
Enzyme bioreactor A reactor in which the chemical conversion reaction is catalysed by an enzyme.
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