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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> Coding Sequence CDS or Coding Region - Cointegtrate Vector System
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Cocaine
A drug that increases the biological availability of catecholamines by inhibiting tissue reuptake. It is useful as an antidepressant.
Coccus (pl: cocci).
A spherical bacterium. These may occur singly, in pairs, in groups of hour or more, and in cubical packets.
Coconversion
The simultaneous correction of two sites during gene conversion.
Cocoon
A protective coverage for eggs and/or larvae produced by invertebrates, such as the silkworm moth.
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Coculture
The joint culture of two more types of cells, such as an animal cell and a microorganism, or two types of animal cells. This is used in dual-culture systems or in nurse-culture.
Code
The genetic information stored in the DNA.
Coding
The specification of the amino acid sequence of a peptide, by the code contained in DNA molecules.
Coding sequences (CDS, or coding region)
The protein o0f genomic sequences demarcated by start and stop codons that identifies the sequence of the protein being coded for by a particular gene.
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Codominance
The condition in which both alleles in a heterozygous individual are expressed. As a result, the phenotype of heterozygotes incorporates the phenotypic effect of each allele.
Codominant alleles
Alleles that produce independent effects in the heterozygous conditions.
Codon
Triplet nucleotide sequence specifying an amino acid termination signal.
Codon bias
A difference in the frequency of occurrence of codons that specify the same amino acid (synonymous codons)
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Codon family
A collection of codons which specify the same amino acid.
Codon optimisation
A strategy by which codons within a cloned gene that are not he ones usually used by the host for translation are altered by in vitro mutagenesis to the preferred codons, without changing the amino acids of the synthesised protein.
Codon usage
A measure of he relative use of synonymous codons.
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Coenzyme
Organic cofactor required for enzyme activity.
Coenzyme A
A coenzyme containing pantothenic acid that functions as an acyl group carrier in some enzymatic reactions.
Coenzyme B12
An enzymatic cofactor derived from the vitamin cobalamin that has an important role in some in one-carbon metabolism.
Coevolution
The evolution of complementary adaptations in two species that is produced by selection pressure that each exerts on the other. It is commonly seen in symbiotic associations.
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Coding strand
The strand of duplex DNA with the same base sequence (after substituting U for T) as the mRNA molecule that results from transcription of that segment of DNA. Also called sense strand. The mRNA molecules is transcribed from the other strand, known as the template or antisense strand.
Coefficient
A number expressing the amount of some change or effect under certain conditions.
Coeliac disease
See gluten-sensitive enteropathy.
Cofactor
The evolution of complementary adaptations in two species that is produced by selection pressure that each exerts on the other. It is commonly seen in symbiotic associations.
Codon engineering
Modification of codons within a clones to ones that are preferred by the host organism (codon bias). This is done in order to optimize translation within the host cells.
Cofermentation
The simultaneous growth of two microorganisms n a single bioreactor.
COG
Clusters of Orthologous Groups in a set groups of related sequences in microorganisms and yeast that are found by whole proteome comparisons. These include orthologs and paralogs. See also orthologs and paralogs.
Cogeneration
The generation of both electricity and process heat (steam) in an industrial plant.
Cognate
Refers to two biomolecules that interact with each other, such as an enzyme and its substrate or a receptor and its ligand.
Cohen, Stanley (b. 1922)
A molecular biologist who conducted the first genetic engineering experiments by cloning the tetracycline resistance gene from one strain of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) into a plasmid from another strain (e. coli) in a test tube. The recombinant molecules were then transferred to E.coli cells in culture and grown in a medium containing tetracycline.
Transformed cells harbouring plasmids containing the tetracycline resistance gene grow into colonies. These experiments demonstrated that genes isolated from one organisms, incorporated into a vector and introduced into a host organisms are capable of producing functional proteins. Cohen was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1986 for his discovery of growth factors.
Cohesins
Multisubunit protein complexes deposited along the length of each sister chromatid during DNA replication. These are responsible for glueing the sister chromatids together. They have two identical DNA and ATP-binding domains at one end joined to a hinge region at the other end by a long coiled coil. This structure enables them to function as DNA crosslinks to prepare the replicated chromosomes for mitosis.
Cohesion
Holding together; a force that holds a solid to a solid or a solid to a liquid, due to attraction between separation.
Cohesive ends
Short, overhanging, complementary, single stranded extensions at the ends of double stranded DNA molecules, which facilitate ligation. Also termed protruding ends; sticky ends; overhang.
Cohort
A group of people who are followed over time as part of an epidemiological study. period of time (10 years or more).
Coiled coil
A stable supersecondary structure in proteins in which two or more α-helices and coiled round and other. It is found in fibrous proteins such as keratin, collagen and fibrinogen and some transcription factors.
Coincidental evolution (concerted evolution)
In genes that have become duplicated, the tendency for mutations occuring in one copy to appear in the other with the result that the effects of evolution appear in both copies at the same time.
Cointegrate
A DNA molecule formed by the fusion of two different DNA molecules. It is generally mediates by a transposable element.
Cointegrate vector system
A two-plasmid system used for the transfer of cloned genes to plant cells. The cloning vector contains a T-DNA segment harbouring the cloned genes. Following introduction into Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the cloning vector DNA undergoes homologous recombination with a resident disarmed Ti plasmid. As a result of recombination, a single plasmid is formed which contains the genetic information for the transfer of the genetically engineered T-DNA region to plant cells.
Coisogenic (congenic)
Nearly identical strains of an organisms that vary only at a single locus.
Colcemid
A drug that blocks the formation of microtubules and therefore separation of chromosomes during mitosis.
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