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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> Clinical Trials - Coactivator
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Clinical pharmacology
The branch of pharmacology that deals directly with the effectiveness and safety of drugs in humans.
Clinical pharmacometabolomics
The segregation of patient populations using small molecule biomarkers in clinical trials, adverse drug reactions, and drug efficacy evaluation
Clinical trials
The testing new drugs or therapies in humans in a rigorous, controlled manner. There are three phases during a clinical trial: phase I evaluate the safety of the product in humans; phase II analysis the effects of dose escalation, and phase III definitively evaluates the clinical efficacy of the product.
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Clonal deletion
The selective loss during early development of B and T cells of the immune system that produce antibodies or have receptors for antigens that are an intergral part of the organism (Self antigens).
Clonal Selection
The generation of a population of plasma cells all of which produce the same antibody in response to the interaction between a B lymphocyte producing that specific antibody and the antigen bound by that antibody.
Clonal Selection theory
A theory that explains hoe the adaptive immune system responds to a large number of antigens in a highly specific manner. A given antigen specifically selects only those cells with the corresponding antigen specificity from a population of lymphocytes.
Clonality
The capacity to from clones.
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Clone
(Gr. Klon, a twig or slip). 1. A population of cells or organisms that is genetically identical as result of sexual reproduction, breeding of pure-bred organisms, or forming genetically identical organisms by nuclear transplantation 2. Group of plants that are genetically identical and all of which are derived from one selected individual by vegetative propagation, without the sexual process.
3. A population of cells that carries a cloning vehicle with the same DNA insert. 4. Verb: To clone., To insert a DNA segment into a cloning vector or hoist chromosome. See cloning.
Clone bank
See gene bank
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Clones
Large number of cell or molecules identical with a single ancestral cell or molecule.
Cloning
1. The mitotic division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to a population of identical daughter cells or clones
2. Incorporation of a DNA molecule into a chromosomal site or into a cloning vector.
3. Animal cloning: The creation of a whole animal by the process of nuclear transfer involving divisions from a single diploid somatic cell. Cloning by nuclear transfer from undifferentiated embryonic cells although possible has been largely restricted. In 1997, Ian Wilmut and colleagues from Edinburgh created a whole animal (Dolly the lamb) from a cell taken from differentiated adult tissue, opening up the possibility of widespread animal cloning. See directional cloning: molecular cloning; Dolly.
Cloning site
A site on a cloning vector into which DNA can be inserted.
Cloning vector
A DNA molecule (plasmid, phage) capable of carrying a DNA insert into a host for cloning. Also called a vehicle, cloning vehicle or vector.
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Cloning vehicle
See cloning vector
Closed continuous culture
A continuous culture in which the inflow of fresh medium is balanced by outflow of equal volumes of spent medium. Cells are separated mechanically from outflowing medium and added back to the culture. See open continuous culture; batch culture; continuous culture.
Closed reading frame
A reading frame containing termination codons which prevent its translation into protein.
Closed system
In thermodynamics, a closed system can exchange heat and work, but not matter, with its surroundings in contrast to an isolated system that can exchange neither heat nor matter with the surroundings.
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In quantum mechanics, a closed system is equivalent to an isolated system, and a system that can exchange energy with the surroundings is referred to as an open system.
Clone library
See clone bank
Cloned strain or line
A strain or line that is descended directly from a clone.
Clofibrate
A fibric acid derivative used as a hypolipidaemic drug. It reduces synthesis of VLDL and enhances the action of lipoprotein lipase.
Clostridium
The genus of obligate spore forming anaerobic organisms. These organisms produce powerful toxins and cause diseases such as botulism, gas gangrene and tetanus.
Clotting time
A test for blood coagulation. The normal time taken for blood to clot following an injury is 5-8 minutes. This is determined by clotting blood in a glass tube and tipping it back and forth till blood clots. clotting time is prolonged in haemophilia and in conditions where there is deficiency of clotting factors.
Clustal
A computer software programme for multiple alignment of DNA or protein sequences. After comparing all the sequences submitted, CLUSTAL generates a matrix or pairwise alignment scores that can be displayed as “family tree” of sequence (dendrogram). The branching order of the dendrogram is used to achieve multiple alignment of all the proteins. CLUSTAL also produces consensus sequences in addition to multiple alignments.
Clustal W
A general purpose programme for multiple alignments of DNA and protein sequences.
Cluster
The grouping of similar objects in a multidimensional space that is used for constructing new features that are abstractions of the existing features of those objects.. In bioinformatics, clustering is performed on sequences, high-throughput expression and other experimental data. Clusters of partial or complete gene sequences help to identify the complete (contiguous) sequences and its function as well as to discern patterns of co-regulation in groups of genes.
Cluster analysis
The process of assigning data points (sequencing) into groups (clusters) starting from pair-wise di stance that is used to identify outliers and weak links between groups.
Cluster determinant (CD)
A cluster of antigens with which antibodies react that characterises a cell surface marker.
Cluster of differentiation
See CD molecules
Clustering
Classification of data in such a way similar items end up in the same class whereas dissimilar items do not, when the actual classes are not unknown prior to the analysis.
cM
See centiMorgan; map distance.
Coactivator
A molecule, which functions in conjunction with a protein apoactivator. For example, cAMP is a Coactivator of the CAP protein.
Coagulation
The process of blood clotting.
Coat protein (= capsid).
The protein coat that encloses the nucleic acid core of a virus.
Coated pit
A invagination on the cell membrane lined with clathrin that faces the cell interior and contains specific receptors on the exterior. Molecules that interact with the receptors are transported into the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Coated vesicles
Vesicles that contain a layer pf protein such as clathrin, COP I or COP II on the membrane surface.
Cobbler
A single sequence that represents the most conserved regions in a multiple sequence alignment.
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