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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> Centrifugation - Chaperone
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Central lymphoid organ (primary lymphoid organ) The lymphoid organ in which the lymphocytes develop. These include the thymus and bone marrow in adult mammals.
Central nervous system (CNS) The primary information processing organ of the nervous system. It includes the brain and the spinal cord in vertebrates.
Centrifugation The separation of molecules by size or density using centrifugal forces generated by a spinning rotor. G-forces of several hundred thousand times gravity are generated in ultracentrifugation. See density gradient centrifugation.
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Centrioles Small hollow cylinders containing microtubules that are found near the poles during mitosis. These are present within the centrosomes and appear to be involved in the formation of the spindle during mitosis. During cell division, the two centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the spindle.
Centromere Region of a chromosome which is the site of attachment to the mitotic or meiotic spindle.
Centromere binding factor (CBF) A protein complex that binds to a specific DNA sequence in the centromeric regin of the yeast chromosome (CEN sequence) and to a microtubule in the spindle fiber. Thus the CBF connects the chromosome and the spindle apparatus during mitosis.
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Centrosomes cycle Duplication of the centrosomes during interphase followed by their separation at the beginning of mitosis to form the poles of the mitotic spindle.
Centrosomes The regions from which microtubules are organised at the poles of a mitotic cell. Each centrosome in an animal cell contains a pair of centrioles surrounded by a dense amorphous region to which the microtubules attach. During metaphase, the centrosomes separates into two regions, each of which contains one centriole.
Cephalin
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Cephalosporin-C One of a group of antibiotics, the cephalosporins, produced by the fungus Cephalosporium. It resembles penicillin in structure and mode of action.
Cephem-type antibiotic An antibiotic that has the same basic chemical structure of cephalosporin.
Cerebellum The part of the hindbrain that contains a central portion and two hemispheres.
Cerebroside Sphingolipid with sugar as a head group.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) The fluid present between the pia and the arachnoid matter in the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal ford and the ventricles of the brain. It is formed by ultrafiltration of plasma and secretion by the choroid plexus. The CSF passes from the ventricles into the subarachnoid space from where it is reabsorbed into the circulation by the arachnoid villi.
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Cerebrum That part of the brain that is present about and in front of the hind brain and consists of a pair of hollow, convoluted lobes.
Cerenkov counting Emission of blush white light in aqueous solution by β-particles of sufficiently high energy (in excess of 0.5 MeV) without the addition of the solvent or the scintillator. This radiation is detectable in a liquid scintillation counter. Cerenkov counting has several advantages: there is no problem of chemical quenching, organic solvents and flours are not required, and sample preparation is relatively easy.
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Cephalin (phosphatidylenthanolamine) Phospholipids containing glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine.
Cesium chloride gradient centrifugation See caesium chloride gradient centrifugation.
CFTR gene (protein) Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene and protein that are implicated in defective transport of chloride in cystic fibrosis.
Centrifuge An instrument by which solid or liquid particles of different densities are separated by rotating them in a tube in a horizontal circle. The denser particles move along the length of the tube to a greater radius of rotation, displacing the lighter particles to the other end.
CGI Common gateway interface. A programme that can be used over the Internet, It runs server-side rather than client-side and its performance depends on the server load.
CGN See cis Golgi network.
CH3 choline A small alcohol of the structure OH-CH2-N(CH3)3 found in membrane phospholipids and as part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Chain terminator 1. Codons that do not code for an amino acid. They single termination of protein synthesis. These codons are UAA, UAG and UGA, and are termed ochre, amber and opal, respectively. Also known as stop condons or termination codons. 2. In the Sanger (enzymatic) method of DNA sequencing, dideoxynucleoside triphosphates are added as chain terminators for the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand.
Channel protein A cell membrane integral protein that forms part of a channel structure and permits substances of appropriate size and charge to pass through the membrane by diffusion.
Channelling 1. In chromatography, refers to the uneven flow that results from inhomogeneity in packing. Channelling distorts the elution pattern in such a way that single substances appear in multiple peaks. To prevent channeling, the packing material should be slurried with the solvent and poured in a thin stream into the tube which is already one-third filled with solvent. 2. The direct transfer of a reaction intermediate from one enzyme to another enzyme catalyzing the next step in a sequential pathway.
Chaotropic The ability of an agent to disrupt the structure of water.
Chaperone A protein that helps the folding of other proteins or the assembly of complex structures.
Chaperonin A member of the chaperone family or protein that controls initial protein folding.
Character (characteristic) A distinctive feature of an organism. Also termed trait. Any biological property of a living organism that can be described or measured. In phylogenetics, characters are homologous features in different organisms. Characters display two important properties-heredity and variation.
Character mode A general type of character such as eye colour.
Characters state Also called character trait. The exact condition of a character in a particular individual. For example, the character hair colour can have the character states black, brown or yellow. In molecular biology, the character states can be one of the four nucleotides (A, C, T, or G) or one of the 20 amino acids.
Character trait See character state.
Charcoal A form of carbon. The black porous residue of partly burnt wood, bones, etc. When it is purfied to increase its adsorptive power, it is called activated charcoal. Activated charcoal is added to nutrient medium to prevent or decrease the effect of browning.
Chargaff’s rules The discovery by Edwin Chargaff that in DNA, the concentration of adenine equals the concentration of thymine and that the concentration of guanine equals that of cytosine.
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