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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> Cell Hybridisation - Cellulosome
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Cell hybrid A somatic cell containing chromosomes that are derived from parental cells of different species. This is generated by fusing the cells to form a heterokaryon in which the nuclei subsequently fuse.
Cell hybridization The fusion of two or more dissimilar cells that leads to the formation of a somatic hybrid. See cell fusion.
Cell junction The region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
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Cell lineage The pedigree f cells that arise from binary fission.
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) The lysis of a target cell by an effector lymphocyte.
Cell-mediated immune response The activation of T cells of the immune system due to the presence of an antigen.
Cell-mediated immunity A type of immunological response mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes or killer T cells that is used for destroying foreign antigens such as virally infected cells, tumour cells and non-matching tissue grafts.
Cell membrane The membrane that separates the cell wall and the cytoplasm. It regulates the flow of material into and out of the cell. See plasmalemma.
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Cell migration Directed cell migration, occurs in both the embryo as well as in adult tissues, During embryonic development, cell migration is required for morphogenesis and failure of cells to migrate or migration of cells to inappropriate locations can result in life threatening consequences.
In the adult, cell migration is central to homeostatic processes. Abnormalities in cell migration can lead to vascular disease, chronic inflammatory diseases, and tumour formation and metastasis. Understanding cell migration is important for cellular transplantation and the manufacture of artificial tissues.
Cell number The number of cells per unit volume.
Cell plate The boundary between two newly formed nuclei in a plant cell which is about to divide into two daughter ells. Also known as phragmoplast.
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Cell selection The process of selecting cells within a group of genetically different cells. These selected cells or cell lines are subcultured onto fresh medium for continued selection and are usually exposed to an increased level of the selection agent. As a result of the selection procedure, it is possible to regenerate plants exhibiting the traits selected for the cellular level.
Cell signaling See signal transduction.
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Cell strain A strain of cells with specifice properties or markers derived from a primary culture of a cell line by selection or cloning. The selected properties should persist during subsequent cultivation. Also termed single-cell line.
Cell suspension Cells in culture in moving or shaking liquid medium. Often refers to suspension cultures of single cells ad cell aggregates. See suspension culture.
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Cell sorter An instrument used to separate different classes of cells from mixed populations for analysis. The fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) separates cell types on binding of externa antigens to antibodies labeled with fluorescent eyes.
Cell sorting The separation of cells of interest from a complex mixture by cytometric characterisation, electronic delays, electrostatic charging, and a static electromagnetic field to separate the chosen cell from the other ells in solution.
Cell synchronization The process by which all cells in a population enter the same growth phase ad consequently undergo cell division simultaneously.
Cell theory The theory that states that the cell is the structural unit of all organisms and that all ells arise from preexisting cells.
Cell wall A tough outer covering present in bacterial, fungal and plants cells. The cell wall is made up of a carbohydrate component and frequently a peptide and lipid component. The cell wall provides protection against mechanical stress and sudden changes in osmotic pressure.
Cell line 1. A cell lineage that can be maintained in culture. A cell line originates from a primary culture. Cultures from the cell line consist of several lineages of the cells originally present in the primary culture. 2. An established clone that is originally derived from a whole organism by a long process of cultivation.
Cellome The entire complement of molecules and their interactions within a cell. The information within the cellome defines the temporal and spatial interactions of cellular components, and therefore normal and abnormal functions.
Cellomics The study of cell function and drug impact at the level of the cell.
Cellular bioinformatics A branch of bioinformatics that focuses on the understanding of the functioning living cell. It integrates DNA, mRNA, protein and metabolic data and invokes mathematical modelling.
Cellular immune response See cell-mediated immune response, T-cell-mediated (cellular) immune response.
Cellular oncogene A normal mammalian or avian gene that when mutated or improperly expressed contributes to the development of cancer. Also called proto-oncogene. See oncogene.
Cellular proteome All of the proteins expressed in a cell.
Cellular therapies Different forms of therapy including altering normal cell response, stimulating native signaling cascades, performing missing metabolic functions, restoring lost tissue, or hanging the normal course of repair into true regeneration.
Cellularisation The formation of cells around each nucleus in a multinucleate cytoplasm, converting it into a multicellular structure.
Cellulose An enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of cellulose.
Cellulose A high molecular weigh polysaccharide containing long, unbranched chains of 1,4-linked β-D-glucose units. It contributes to the structural organisation of plants cell walls part of lignocellulose. It is an important source of ‘bulk’ in the human diet.
Cellulose acetate electrophoresis A type of zonal electrophoresis which employs cellulose acetate paper as supporting medium. It is used for clinical investigations such as separation of glycoproteins, lipoproteins and haemoglobin fro blood.
Cellulose nitrate See nitrocellulose.
Cellulosome A multi-protein aggregate present in some cellulolytic microorganisms that contains multiple copies of enzyme necessary for the complete breakdown of cellulose. This complex is often present on the outer surface of cellulolytic microorganisms.
Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) A center of the NIH that provides genotyping and statistical services for researchers identifying human disease genes.
CentiMorgan (cM) A unit used in the measurement of recombination frequency. 1 cM is equal to a 1 per cent chance that a marker at one genetic locus will be separation from a marker at a second locus will be separated from a marker at a second locus as a result crossing over in a single generation. In humans on an average, 1 cM is equivalent to 1 million base pairs.
Central dogma The organizing principle of molecular biology. The basic concept that in nature, the flow of genetic information is unidirectional, i.e. from DNA to RNA to protein. It is now known, however, that genetic information can also flow in the reverse direction, i.e. from RNA to DNA as in retroviruses, which contain RNA as the genetic material.
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